燃气射流起始冲击波场形态的实验研究

介绍利用激光摩尔偏折仪和压阻式压力传感器对发动机喷流起始冲击波的基本形态进行的研究． 研究结果验证了在燃气流团前存在着起始冲击波及发展初期具有非球面的特性,并提出了喷口起始冲击波波阵面发展的新结构,对前人有关起始冲击波发展结构的研究结果进行了修正．     

涡流控制阀对四气门汽油机缸内空气运动影响的研究

在一台单缸四气门汽油机上,用激光多普勒测速仪实验研究了涡流控制阀打开和关闭后,缸内平均速度、湍流强度和湍流结构的变化．结果表明：当涡流控制阀打开时,在压缩后期缸内流动主要是滚流的畸变和破碎过程,而当涡流控制阀关闭后,在压缩后期缸内流动主要是涡流运动．两种情况下的湍流强度和湍流结构也有较大差别．     

燃用乳化重油在6300ZC柴油机的试验

对6300ZC柴油机燃用乳化重油进行实用性研究,在不改变柴油机结构的前提下,利用柴油机本身具有的良好乳化功能,设计出动态乳化流程和智能控制装置．在柴油机台架试验中,取得节能与降低排放的试验效果．     

稳态力输出的实验与理论研究(英文)

对低频共振情况下激光引擎的基本特性与其理论预测值做了比较,并研究了实现这些技术的重要步骤,认为基于不同学科与工业组织之间的合作,不久的将来会实现利用累计势能来驱动微型汽车。     

ON THE STRUCTURE OF STEADY FLOW THROUGH DUAL-INTAKE ENGINE PORTS

The influence of intake port design on the flow field in a dual-intake valve engine was investigated using computational fluid dynamics, in order to study the effect of inlet port design on the in-cylinder flow. A detailed 3D computational grid incorporating all the features of the Ford Zetec production engine inlet ports, valves and cylinder head was initially created and the flow structure modelled at 5 and 10 mm valve lifts under steady flow conditions. Comparisons of computational results with experimental data obtained by laser Doppler anemometry indicate that the flow characteristics have been predicted well in most regions. Flow generated by different intake port designs was also simulated by introducing air into the cylinder at different directions to the inlet valve axes and the effects of port deactivation, throttling and exhaust gas recirculation were examined. The implications of the results for intake port design are discussed.     

The Hyperfine Transition for the Definition of the Second

The unit of time of the International System of Units (SI), the “atomic second” was defined through a constant of physics in 1967. It is derived from the frequency of the hyperfine transition of the atom of cesium 133. From the astronomical definition of the second until today, the accuracy of the realization of the second has improved by eight orders of magnitude, with a rate that has increased since the development of the cesium frequency standards, to reach parts in 10¹⁶ for the best clocks today. In 2018, when the new SI was adopted, the time metrology community proved that a new generation of frequency standards operating in optical wavelengths has uncertainties at the level of 10^–18, and challenge the implementation of high accurate frequency and time comparison techniques to decide on a revision of the definition of the second. Herein, the progress in the definition and realization of the second from astronomy until today is reviewed, an inventory of the present resources is assembled and a brief view for the future given.     

Understanding in-cylinder soot reduction in the use of high pressure fuel injection in a small-bore diesel engine

This study shows how soot particles inside the cylinder of the engine are reduced due to high pressure fuel injection used in a light-duty single-cylinder optical diesel engine fuelled with methyl decanoate, a selected surrogate fuel for the diagnostics. For various injection pressures, planar laser induced incandescence (PLII) imaging and planar laser-induced fluorescence of hydroxyl (OH-PLIF) imaging were performed to understand the temporal and spatial development of soot and high-temperature flames. In addition, a thermophoresis-based particle sampling technique was used to obtain transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of soot aggregates and primary particles for detailed morphology analysis. The OH-PLIF images suggest that an increase in the injection pressure leads to wider distribution of high-temperature flames likely due to better mixing. The enhanced high-temperature reaction can promote soot formation evidenced by both a faster increase of LII signals and larger soot aggregates on the TEM images. However, the increased OH radicals at higher injection pressure accelerates the soot oxidation as shown in a higher decreasing rate of LII signals as well as dramatic reduction of the sampled soot aggregates at later crank angles. The analysis of nanoscale carbon layer fringe structures also shows a consistent trend that, at higher injection pressure, the soot particles are more oxidized to form more graphitic carbon layer structures. Therefore, it is concluded that the in-cylinder soot reduction at higher injection pressure conditions is due to enhanced soot oxidation despite increased soot formation.     

In-flame soot particle structure on the up- and down-swirl side of a wall-interacting jet in a small-bore diesel engine

This study shows how the structure of soot particles within the flame changes due to the relative direction of the swirl flow in a small-bore diesel engine in which significant flame–wall interactions cause about half of the flame travelling against the swirl flow while the other half penetrating in the same direction. The thermophoresis-based particle sampling method was used to collect soot from three different in-flame locations including the flame–wall impingement point near the jet axis and the two 60° off-axis locations on the up-swirl and down-swirl side of the wall-interacting jet. The sampled soot particle images were obtained using transmission electron microscopes and the image post-processing was conducted for statistical analysis of size distribution of soot primary particles and aggregates, fractal dimension, and sub-nanoscale parameters such as the carbon layer fringe length, tortuosity, and spacing. The results show that the jet-wall impingement region is dominated by many small immature particles with amorphous internal structure, which is very different to large, fractal-like soot aggregates sampled from 60° downstream location on the down-swirl side. This structure variation suggests that the small immature particles underwent surface growth, coagulation and aggregation as they travelled along the piston-bowl wall. During this soot growth, the particle internal structure exhibits the transformation from amorphous carbon segments to a typical core–shell structure. Compared to those on the down-swirl side, the soot particles sampled on the up-swirl side show much lower number counts and more compact aggregates composed of highly concentrated primary particles. This soot aggregate structure, together with much narrower carbon layer gap, indicates higher level of soot oxidation on the up-swirl side of the jet.     

Differences between PREMIER combustion in a natural gas spark-ignition engine and knocking with pressure oscillations

PREMIER (PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End-gas Region) combustion occurs with auto-ignition in the end-gas region when the main combustion flame propagation is nearly finished. Auto-ignition is triggered by the increases in pressure and temperature induced by the main combustion flame. Similarly to engine knocking, heat is released in two stages when engines undergo this type of combustion. This pattern of heat release does not occur during normal combustion. However, engine knocking induces pressure oscillations that cause fatal damage to engines, whereas PREMIER combustion does not. The purpose of this study was to elucidate PREMIER combustion in natural gas spark-ignition engines, and differentiate the causes of knocking and PREMIER combustion. We applied combustion visualization and in-cylinder pressure analysis using a compression–expansion machine (CEM) to investigate the auto-ignition characteristics in the end-gas region of a natural gas spark-ignition engine. We occasionally observed knocking accompanied by pressure oscillations under the spark timings and initial gas conditions used to generate PREMIER combustion. No pressure oscillations were observed during normal and PREMIER combustion. Auto-ignition in the end-gas region was found to induce a secondary increase in pressure before the combustion flame reached the cylinder wall, during both knocking and PREMIER combustion. The auto-ignited flame area spread faster during knocking than during PREMIER combustion. This caused a sudden pressure difference and imbalance between the flame propagation region and the end-gas region, followed by a pressure oscillation.     

Infrared radiation characteristics of liquid oxygen/kerosene rocket engine plume with different number of nozzles

A method for calculating the liquid oxygen (LOX)/kerosene rocket engine plume infrared radiation characteristics was proposed, infrared radiation characteristics of the gas oxygen/kerosene model engine were studied by simulation and experiment, and the accuracy of the method was proved. On this basis, studies on infrared spectral radiation characteristics and infrared imaging characteristics of single- and double-nozzle 120?ton thrust LOX/kerosene engine plume were carried out. It is found that, the engine nozzle number can be determined according to infrared imaging characteristics of the engine plume at the appropriate detection angle. Compared to using 2–5?µm band, the infrared radiation imager with clearer plume structure can be obtained using the spectral band such as 2.7 and 4.3?µm bands. The change in the detection angle and the increase in the engine number will have a significant effect on the infrared radiation intensity of the LOX/kerosene engine plume, but they will not change the infrared spectral radiation characteristics.