物理化学在线课程教学设计与实践——以热力学第二定律与卡诺热机为例*

提出在线课程应立足于对线下课堂教学内容的疏导、梳理、凝练和升华,并以“热力学第二定律与卡诺热机”在线课程为例进行介绍。采用问题链形式引导学生从卡诺热机推导热力学第二定律数学表达式,阐明了卡诺热机在热力学第二定律形成过程中的重要作用和地位,强调了卡诺对于热力学的重要贡献,培养了学生探究精神和学科素养。为在线课程提供了教学案例和设计思路。     

Immobilization of silver nanoparticles into POEGMA polymer brushes as SERS‐active substrates

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has attracted a great deal of interest during the past four decades and emerged as an ultrasensitive optical technique for chemical and biomedical analysis. It is widely accepted that the facile fabrication of SERS substrates with high activity and good reproducibility is of crucial importance for their applications. Herein, we report on a fast and robust method for the synthesis and immobilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEGMA) brushes under mild conditions without using any reducing agents. POEGMA brushes of different chain lengths were synthesized directly on silicon wafers by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization with various reaction time. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscope measurements indicated that the AgNPs were firmly and homogeneously embedded into POEGMA brushes. The resulting POEGMA–AgNP hybrid films were employed as SERS substrates for the detection of 4‐aminothiophenol, giving rise to an enhancement factor of up to 1.9 × 10⁶. The influence of the POEGMA's chain length on SERS performance was also investigated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变循环发动机模型的求解算法研究

采用部件法建立了变循环发动机的多维非线性隐式方程组模型,模型具有隐式性,因而求解过程复杂,收敛困难.针对上述问题,采用遗传算法和牛顿-拉夫逊法进行模型求解,提出了算法的有效性评价指标:初值敏感性、收敛性和稳定性.对两种算法进行有效性评价.针对发动机工作性能最优化问题,建立了多目标模型,用遗传算法进行求解,并分析了相关变量随马赫数变化的规律.结果可为变循环发动机模型求解算法的选择与设计提供参考.     

The dynamics of an impulsive delay SI model with variable coefficients

An impulsive delayed SI model with variable coefficients and a nonlinear incidence is formulated and analyzed. By introducing three thresholds, we obtain sufficient conditions for eradication and permanence of the disease, respectively. It is shown that the conditions depend on time delay for both the global attractivity of the positive infection-free periodic solution and permanence of the model. Furthermore, our results indicate that the disease will disappear if the ratio of the maximum to minimum of the pulse vaccination rate is lager than some value. The main feature of this paper is that we introduce multi-delays and variable coefficients into the SI model, and exhibit a new method which is applied to investigate this model. Numerical results show that the system we considered has complex dynamics including periodic and quasi-periodic oscillations.     

发动机气门—门座磨损失效机理实验研究

对发动机气门－门座的磨损失效进行了模拟实验研究,基于现代微观表面测试技术和摩擦学原理对气门－门座的磨损机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明：气门－门座接触表面的磨损失效是由于反复的弹、塑变形疲劳,亚表层的金属滑动、基体材料在高温下的蠕变滑动和腐蚀磨损等所致,这种失效呈片状疲劳裂纹和剥落特征。     

生物油对发动机缸套摩擦学性能的影响

以生物油为研究对象,利用乳化技术对生物油进行提质改性,在发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损试验机上考察了提质前后生物油的摩擦学性能.利用表面轮廓仪,扫描电镜与X-射线光电子能谱仪表征了发动机缸套摩擦表面的微观形貌及化学元素状态,探讨了相关的摩擦磨损机理.结果表明:小球藻生物油比稻壳生物油对缸套-活塞环具有更好的减摩抗磨性能;通过乳化提质方法,可以快速提升生物油的性能;生物油的减摩润滑作用归因于油品中的有机物在缸套表面吸附、摩擦挤压及摩擦沉积形成润滑油膜,局部摩擦熔融形成的"微滚珠",以及在摩擦表面生成的Fe₂O₃及FeOOH氧化膜.此外,小球藻生物油能在摩擦副表面形成含N有机保护膜,这是其具有更好摩擦学性能的重要原因.     

搜索引擎定量评价模型研究

搜索引擎性能的评价一般采用定性或定量的方法,在确定搜索引擎评价指标体系的基础上,本文利用模糊多属性决策研究了搜索引擎定量评价问题,为定量评价搜索引擎提供了一种途径.     

Simulation of quasi-dimensional combustion model for predicting diesel engine performance

In order to improve the precision of quasi-dimensional combustion model for predicting diesel engine performance and promote the real time operating performance of the simulation model, a new phase-divided spray mixing model is proposed and the quasi-dimensional combustion model of diesel engine working process is developed. The software MATLAB/Simulink is utilized to build the quasi-dimensional combustion model of diesel engine working process, and the performance for diesel engine is simulated. The simulation results agree with experimental data quite well. The comparisons between them show that the relative error of power and brake specific fuel consumption is less than 2.8% and the relative error of nitric oxide and soot emissions is less than 9.1%. By utilization of this simulation model with personal computer, the average computational time for one diesel engine working process is 36 s, which presents good real time operating performance of the model. At the same time, the influence of parameters in calculation of air entrainment on prediction precision of diesel engine’s simulation model is analyzed.     

三维电子散斑干涉技术及其应用研究

通过大错位剪切镜和一作为参考物的压电陶瓷相移器将三个电子散斑干涉系统组成一新的三维电子散斑干涉系统。利用该系统，结合相移技术和图像处理技术，可得到独立的位移场(u,v和w场)。该技术的特点是用三个激光器作为光源，一个压电陶瓷相移器产生参考光并实现相移，CCD摄像机前放置大错位剪切镜以使物光和参考光产生干涉。将该技术应用到柴油发动机零部件测量上，得到了主轴承孔周的三维位移场。     

航空发动机内外涵道三维粘性流场的数值模拟

本文用数值模拟的方法,对某涡扇发动机从风扇入口到增压级出口以及整个外涵道的稳态流场进行了联算和分析,计算是在我们自主搭建的分布式平行网络平台上进行的。计算表明风扇叶片沿叶高马赫数变化较大,从叶根附近的0.56变化到叶顶的1.34。本文得出了比较详细的内外涵道流场的信息,为叶片优化设计以及气动声学评估提供了依据。