A study on the effect of electronic engine speed regulator on agricultural tractor ride vibration behavior

In this study, the effect of electronic speed adjustment on tractor ride vibration levels is examined. With normal pedal operation the engine rotational speed drops with an increasing load. The electronic regulator provides a constant speed mode of operation independent of the load. Vibration levels were measured under different operating conditions and surfaces. As a first series of tests, the tractor was driven on a conglomerate bituminous track at speeds of 20, 25 and 28 km/h. Vibration was measured upon the surface of the operator seat simultaneously in the x, y and z directions. The reference axis system was that defined by the ISO 2631-1 [1]. The weighted r.m.s. acceleration was found to be between 8% and 8.6% higher for the case where operation with electronic speed adjustment had been selected. Secondly, cultivating was chosen as the field task and the vibration was measured while the tractor was traversing a rough farm track at speeds of 6, 7.5 and 9 km/h. In this case, the vibration levels with automatic speed adjustment were between 4.3% and 8.6% lower than when driving with normal foot pedal operation. From the above results, we may infer that electronic speed regulation should not be used in transportation on asphalt country roads. On the contrary, it seems that electronic regulation has an advantage when used in typical field tasks such as cultivating.     

An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of NOx concentration sensors

An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of automotive NO_x concentration sensors is presented. Steps in start of injection on a diesel engine are employed to achieve step-like NO_x concentration variations on exhaust flow. On the basis of the sensor response, delay and dynamic response can be easily identified; the paper shows a simple least squares procedure although other models and identification techniques could be used. Application data is presented for three NO_x sensors: a research-grade chemiluminescence exhaust gas analyser, and two different commercial ZrO₂-based sensors.     

基于多信号模型的诊断推理机设计

随着飞机功能和性能要求的不断提高,其综合化程度、复杂性也越来越高,传统的故障诊断方法已经不能满足日益复杂的飞机维护需求。针对传统诊断方法对系统的强依赖性和在多故障模式下处理能力不足等问题,给出一种基于多信号模型的故障诊断方法,设计并实现了基于多信号模型的诊断推理机,并用以某型飞机的自动飞行控制系统为对象验证了该方法在解决飞机系统故障关联和多故障诊断问题中的有效性。     

Ethanol Fuel Production from Cassava as a Substitute for Gasoline

The potential in alcohols as fuel had for long being recognized by the early inventors of machines and engines, even before gasoline and the hydrocarbons became popular. In fact, Henry Ford, one of the pioneers in automobile manufacture, designed his equipment to run on ethanol. But since then, time has seen gasoline and other conventional fuels take the front seat in engine application. This article is an insight into the experiment carried out to produce fuel from cassava starch and the characterization to determine some of the fuel properties in comparison to gasoline. The choice of cassava for the production was based on its availability and ability to grow in almost all geographical regions in Nigeria. Experimental production gave a sample concentration of 87% corresponding to a yield of 0.534 cm³ of ethanol per gram of starch hydrolyzed while the sample characteristics for the latent heat of vaporization, heat of combustion, flash point, and density are 950 kJ/kg, 22133.7 kJ/kg, 17–20°C, and 0.825, respectively. The results obtained compared favorably with those of gasoline that the sample concentration.     

Combustion wave propagation and detonation initiation in the vicinity of closed-tube end walls

There are not many studies on DDT with no obstacles and the initiation of DDT near the end of a closed tube. Therefore in the present study we experimentally investigate the mechanism of the combustion wave transition to a detonation wave when there are no obstacles. In particular, we show that a local explosion near the tube wall is necessary for the initiation of a detonation. Parameters that we varied are the wall configuration, distance between the ignition point and the wall, and initial filling pressure. The combustion waves and the compression waves are visualized using the Schlieren optical system. From the results, we found it is necessary for the combustion wave to reach four walls so that the detonation could be initiated by the local explosion. In the conditions of the present experiment, we exhibited that the local explosion did not occur in the vicinity of a single wall and four orthogonal walls; instead, the local explosion occurred in a situation with five orthogonal walls. The time of the local explosion and the detonation initiation is 2.6 ± 1.1 and 2.0 ± 0.1 times the characteristic time for the combustion wave to propagate hemispherically from an ignitor and reach the four walls.     

生物柴油/柴油颗粒的拉曼光谱分析

为了进一步降低柴油机燃用生物柴油的颗粒排放,利用激光拉曼光谱技术,研究了柴油机应用废气再循环(EGR)前后,燃烧柴油(B0)、生物柴油(B100)及其调和油(B50)的颗粒微观结构,采用五带拟合法对一阶拉曼光谱进行拟合,并计算了颗粒石墨微晶尺寸和石墨晶格C—C键长。结果表明：随着生物柴油掺混比的增加,颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;I_D1/I_G逐渐减小,颗粒中有序石墨结构含量增加,石墨化程度提高。引入EGR会使得颗粒D1带的半高宽增加,颗粒化学异相性增强;I_D1/I_G升高,颗粒有序石墨结构含量减少,石墨化程度降低,B0,B50和B100颗粒的I_D1/I_G在应用EGR前后分别降低了约8.5%,10.6%和11.8%。六种颗粒的缺陷类型主要属于石墨烯层边缘缺陷,掺混生物柴油和引入EGR均会使得颗粒碳层边缘缺陷浓度增加,颗粒中挥发性有机物的官能团含量增加,增强了颗粒氧化活性。掺混生物柴油使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸增加,EGR使得颗粒石墨微晶尺寸减小,生物柴油和EGR对柴油机颗粒石墨晶格C—C键长影响不大,C—C键长约为0.142 nm。     

Mathematical modelling of a diesel common-rail system

In diesel common-rail systems, the exact knowledge of the injection pressure is important to accurately control the injected diesel mass and thus the combustion process. This paper focuses on the mathematical modelling of the hydraulic and mechanical components of a common-rail system in order to describe the dynamics of the diesel rail pressure. Based on this model, an average model is derived to reduce the model complexity and to allow for a fast calculation of the mass flow into the rail for different crank shaft revolution speeds and openings of the fuel metering unit. The main purpose of this average model is to serve as a basis for a model-based (non-linear) controller design. The stationary accuracy of the models is validated by means of measurement data.     

V2O5/WO3/TiO2催化剂制备及其SCR性能研究

本文通过浸渍法制备了V2O5/TiO2系列筛选催化剂及V2O5/WO3/TiO2负载型催化剂,并在模拟评价装置上考察了上述催化剂在SCR反应巾的催化性能.结果表明,V2O5在涂材料中应该低于3wt.%;钒系催化剂对NOx的净化效率随反应温度的升高,先增加而后减小,存在一个适宜反应温度窗口;随反应温度升高, NH3泄漏量逐渐降低,在温度达到350°C之后,NH3泄漏世不再随温度的升高而变化;SCR反应温度较低时HC和CO浓度基本不变,但从450°C开始,HC浓度逐渐降低,而CO浓度则急剧升高;随NOx/NH3比例增加,NOx转化效率逐渐降低.     

大气环境对内燃机热电联供系统性能的影响

根据国家标准GB1105.1-87<内燃机台架性能试验方法标准环境状况及功率、燃油消耗率和机油消耗率的规定>中的等过量空气法,结合内燃机典型变工况解析式及单压过热蒸汽余热锅炉变工况解析解,研究大气条件变化时,系统变工况性能.结果表明,大气压力po减小,内燃机相对输出功率Pe减小,相对燃油消耗率be增加,系统总能利用率Z...