A hybrid multi-objective imperialist competitive algorithm and Monte Carlo method for robust safety design of a rail vehicle

This paper deals with the robust safety design optimization of a rail vehicle system moving in short radius curved tracks. A combined multi-objective imperialist competitive algorithm and Monte Carlo method is developed and used for the robust multi-objective optimization of the rail vehicle system. This robust optimization of rail vehicle safety considers simultaneously the derailment angle and its standard deviation where the design parameters uncertainties are considered. The obtained results showed that the robust design reduces significantly the sensitivity of the rail vehicle safety to the design parameters uncertainties compared to the determinist one and to the literature results.     

Observation of nuclear track in organic material by Atomic Force microscopy in real time during etching

The developments of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) allow to investigated solid surfaces with a nanometer scale. These techniques are useful methods allowing direct observation of surface morphologies. Particularly in the nuclear track fields, they offer a new tool to give many new informations on track formation. In this paper we present the preliminary results of a new use of this technique to characterize continuously the formation of the revealed track in a cellulose nitrate detector (LR115) after an alpha particle irradiation. For that, a specific cell has been used to observe, by nano-observations, the evolution of track shapes simultaneously with chemical treatment. Thus, the track shape evolution has been studied; visualizing the evolution of the tracks in real time, in situ during the chemical etching process.     

我国化石能源消费多因素分析——基于新能源替代与能源技术进步视角

社会进步和经济发展离不开能源投入,但是化石能源的过度消费会造成严重的污染。为了缓解环境污染和能源短缺的问题,我国新能源替代步伐逐渐加快。本文基于新能源替代与能源技术进步视角对化石能源消费进行了多因素分析。首先,基于总产出对化石能源与新能源弹性,计算了两类能源对经济增长的贡献率,得到了两类能源的技术进步度量。然后,选取了1995-2016年间我国实际GDP、能源技术进步、新能源消费、环境规制、城镇化等变量作为影响化石能源消费的因素,时间序列回归结果显示新能源对化石能源消费还未形成有效的抑制作用,但是新能源与两类能源技术进步的交叉项对化石能源消费的控制作用显著。最后,基于各个解释变量的历史变化规律进行情景模拟,发现在经济转向高质量增长和能源技术不断进步的背景下,我国化石能源消费峰值将在短期中出现。     

Track structure in polyethylene terephthalate irradiated by heavy ions: Let dependence of track diameter

The structure of latent tracks in polyethylene terephthalate is studied using chemical etching combined with a conductometric technique. Geometrical parameters of the latent tracks for the range of the electronic energy loss (dE/dx) between 3 to 24 keV/nm are estimated. The dependence of the track core and track halo size on the energy loss is analyzed.     

Posidonomia shales (FRG) and their relation to humic substances

Summary We have used capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to characterize extracts of Posidonomia shales and of fossil wood (gagat) found in these shales. Samples were obtained from Dotternhausen oil shale formation (FRG) belonging to LIAS-epsilon (Toarcien). Identified components are n-alkanes (C₇ to C₂₇), isoprenoid hydrocarbons (like pristane and phytane) and cycloalkanes with 6 to 9 carbon atoms. Aromatic hydrocarbons were also found in the low boiling fraction of extracts of fossil wood. To obtain more detailed information about genesis and maturity of the Dotternhausen sediments we also applied Cross Polarisation Magic Angle Spin-¹³C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CP/MAS-¹³C-NMR) spectroscopy. We compared the solid state spectra of fossil wood out of Posidonomia shales with the solid state¹³C-NMR-spectra of humic substances of different age and different origin. We found that the solid state spectra of humic substances of increasing age and the solid state spectra of fossil wood show striking similarity. The results are discussed with respect to the maturity of the Dotternhausen sediments and the genesis of fossil fuels where humic substances may act as intermediates. Presented at the 15th International Symposium on Chromatography, Nürnberg, October 1984     

The Importance of Solvent Venting to Reduce Memory Effects with On-Line LC-GC-AED

Conventional operation of the GC Atomic Emission Detector (AED) system involves backflushing of the microwave induced plasma (MIP) during the elution of small volumes of solvent from the GC column. When performing multi-dimensional, on-line LC-GC-AED, significantly larger solvent volumes are introduced into the system and must subsequently be removed. Thus solvent venting procedures are required and the backflushing of the plasma must be extended to facilitate solvent but not solute removal. This study demonstrates the significance of memory effects imparted upon the MIP of the AED if solvent venting is incomplete. Comparison of conventional GC-AED and multi-dimensional LC-GC-AED is made with respect to a fossil fuel sample.     

新型双燃料多功能能源系统开拓研究

本文开拓性地提出了一种新型多种化石能源输入(煤和天然气)、多种产品输出(电力和化工产品)的多功能能源系统。该系统将天然气／水蒸气重整过程和煤的燃烧过程有机整合,用煤燃烧替代了传统重整过程清洁的燃料天然气和弛放气燃烧,实现了煤和天然气的综合互补利用;将甲醇生产系统与发电系统有机整合,实现了化工系统弛放气的梯级利用同时,对甲醇生产系统余热进行了更加有效的利用。研究表明生产相同量的甲醇和电,多功能系统比参比系统少消耗 20％的天然气。本文工作为煤和天然气综合高效利用提供了新途径．     

Thermal spike analysis of low energy ion tracks

The theoretical track diameter of low energy ions in organic materials is usually estimated through the model of dose deposition by delta rays, with results remarkably lower than the experimental values obtained via a replica method and electron microscopy. The track detector used here is Makrofol-E and the ions studied have specific energies between 1.4 and 100 keV/n. To evaluate the problem from another point of view, thermal effects for track formation, a modified version of the “liquid drop model” for insulators was applied. The electronic as well as nuclear energy deposition by an individual ion are considered and the thermal spike evolution is studied. The model allows for the formation of ion tracks in a range of energies previously considered as “forbidden”. There still exists a discrepancy between the experimental data and the track diameters predicted by the model, and although this difference is smaller than the obtained with previous calculations, it suggests the necessity of further adjustments.     

串联电解池的创新实验

城市地下输电线路断开后,会与潮湿土壤中处于地上或地下的铁轨(管线)形成回路,加快铁轨(管线)腐蚀。该原理相当于将串联电解池的电解质溶液合并,两池中非连接电源的两电极合为一导体平放于连接电源的两极之间,形成一个特殊的串联电解池。基于以上内容,创新了实验。