Protein type effects on steady-state crossflow membrane ultrafiltration fluxes and protein transmission

The permeate fluxes and percent protein transmission were evaluated for steady-state crossflow ultrafiltration of two proteins of different composition: bovine serum albumin (BSA), containing fatty acid, and “fatty-acid-poor” BSA, from which most of the fatty acids had been removed (BSA/FAP). The influences of protein concentration up to 6.5 percent w/v, transmembrane pressure, ionic environment and membrane type (i.e. nominal molecular weight cut-off) were investigated. For both BSA and BSA/FAP, the fluxes and the protein transmission were dependent on the amount of salt present. The higher fatty acid content in the BSA apparently enhanced protein-protein interaction, resulting in a more cohesive and resistant fouling layer; permeate fluxes were lower with BSA/FAP than with BSA at otherwise corresponding operating conditions. A hysteresis behaviour of the flux (J)-transmembrane pressure (TMP) relationship was observed whenever the ultrafiltration unit was operated at a TMP less than some higher value to which the membrane previously had been exposed.     

Analysis of the surface-probe equation

An integrating surface-probe is a tool for the determination of local fluxes from surface-integrated measurements. For an axisymmetric system, the data analysis involves the numerical solution of a severely ill-conditioned Volterra integral equation of the first kind. This study establishes the existence of a unique solution under certain conditions and considers solution techniques based on product integration and also evaluation of the inversion integral. The methods are tested for convergence against exact input data, and the performance of the best methods against simulated experimental data is studied.     

螺旋型爆磁压缩脉冲发生器电阻及磁通损失的数值计算

基于电流和磁扩散方程,讨论了螺旋型爆磁压缩脉冲发生器(MFCG)中的电阻与磁通损耗问题,将相关的接触电阻模型、欧姆电阻的趋肤效应与邻近效应模型具体应用到2维爆轰磁流体力学程序MF-CG-Ⅳ中,进一步完善了程序的物理功能。并选用美国德克萨斯理工大学简单绕制的螺旋型爆磁压缩脉冲发生器的实验结果对新增模块进行了考证,计算结果符合物理规律,且与实验测量吻合较好。     

Effects of radial velocity on line profiles and images from the standard thin disk

This paper has derived the general formulae of observed line profiles based on the effects of radial velocity on the standard thin disk fluid around a rotating black hole. Through the ray-tracing method the line profiles of different parameters have been calculated. Comparison of the line profiles with and without a radial velocity shows that the effects of radial velocity on line profiles cannot be neglected in most cases. In both cases the accretive disk imaging shape remains unchanged.     

水射流冷却过程中表面热流密度的预测

建立了由内部一点测量温度值,选取多个时间步长计算未知的表面热流密度与换热系数的导热反问题算法。该算法采用有限容积法离散方程,附加源项法处理边界条件。将该计算模型应用于求解浸没水射流冷却过程中表面热流密度,将计算温度值与实验测温值进行比较验证了算法的正确性。在此基础上分析了水射流冲击过程中薄钢片表面热流密度随表面温度与时间的变化特性。     

An optimized magnet for magnetic refrigeration

A magnet designed for use in a magnetic refrigeration device is presented. The magnet is designed by applying two general schemes for improving a magnet design to a concentric Halbach cylinder magnet design and dimensioning and segmenting this design in an optimum way followed by the construction of the actual magnet. The final design generates a peak value of 1.24 T, an average flux density of 0.9 T in a volume of 2 L using only 7.3 L of magnet, and has an average low flux density of 0.08 T also in a 2 L volume. The working point of all the permanent magnet blocks in the design is very close to the maximum energy density. The final design is characterized in terms of a performance parameter, and it is shown that it is one of the best performing magnet designs published for magnetic refrigeration.     

A high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for wave propagation through coupled elastic–acoustic media

We introduce a high-order discontinuous Galerkin (dG) scheme for the numerical solution of three-dimensional (3D) wave propagation problems in coupled elastic–acoustic media. A velocity–strain formulation is used, which allows for the solution of the acoustic and elastic wave equations within the same unified framework. Careful attention is directed at the derivation of a numerical flux that preserves high-order accuracy in the presence of material discontinuities, including elastic–acoustic interfaces. Explicit expressions for the 3D upwind numerical flux, derived as an exact solution for the relevant Riemann problem, are provided. The method supports h-non-conforming meshes, which are particularly effective at allowing local adaptation of the mesh size to resolve strong contrasts in the local wavelength, as well as dynamic adaptivity to track solution features. The use of high-order elements controls numerical dispersion, enabling propagation over many wave periods. We prove consistency and stability of the proposed dG scheme. To study the numerical accuracy and convergence of the proposed method, we compare against analytical solutions for wave propagation problems with interfaces, including Rayleigh, Lamb, Scholte, and Stoneley waves as well as plane waves impinging on an elastic–acoustic interface. Spectral rates of convergence are demonstrated for these problems, which include a non-conforming mesh case. Finally, we present scalability results for a parallel implementation of the proposed high-order dG scheme for large-scale seismic wave propagation in a simplified earth model, demonstrating high parallel efficiency for strong scaling to the full size of the Jaguar Cray XT5 supercomputer.     

Higher order global solution and normalized flux for singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion problems

In this paper a computational technique is proposed for obtaining a higher order global solution and global normalized flux of singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion two-point boundary-value problems. The HOC (higher order compact) finite difference scheme developed in Gracia et al. (2001) [4] and which is constructed on an appropriate piecewise uniform Shishkin mesh, has been considered to find an almost fourth order convergent solution at mesh points. Using these values, piecewise cubic interpolants based approximations for solution and normalized flux in whole domain have been defined. It has been shown that the global solution and the global normalized flux are also uniformly convergent. Moreover, for the global solution, the order of uniform convergence in the whole domain is optimal, i.e., it is the same as this one obtained at mesh points, whereas, for the global normalized flux, the uniform convergence is almost third order, except at midpoints of the mesh, where it is also almost fourth order. Theoretical error bounds have been provided along with some numerical examples, which corroborate the efficiency of the proposed technique to find good approximations to the global solution and the global normalized flux.     

金属磁记忆效应的第一性原理计算与实验研究

为研究铁磁材料应力集中区域金属磁记忆信号的产生机理及其变化规律, 采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势法, 建立了磁记忆效应的磁力学模型; 计算分析了力与磁记忆自发漏磁信号的定量变化关系. 研究结果表明:力作用导致晶格畸变是磁记忆自发漏磁信号产生的根本原因; 常温下, 磁记忆信号随应力近似线性变化的规律与X70钢管水压爆破实验结果具有很好的一致性. 研究结果有助于金属磁记忆检测机理的研究. 关键词： 金属磁记忆 第一性原理 漏磁信号     

A METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE CUTTING EDGE OF TOOLS: APPLICATION ON THE MILLING PROCESS

In this work we present an experimental technique for the estimation of the average temperature on the cutting edge of each insert in a milling tool. The experimental device used thermistors, one per insert, and a rotational collector in order to ensure the transmission of the signals between the rotating tool and the acquisition device. Each thermistor is located at a point in the tool close to the tip of each insert. The average temperature on the cutting edge of each insert is estimated from the temperature at the nearest sensor and a model expressing these two temperatures. This model is achieved from the noninteger system identification method.