钒氧阴离子团簇与小分子碳氢化合物反应的实验和理论研究(英文)

为了在分子层次上揭示相关催化反应的机理,人们对过渡金属氧化物团簇与碳氢化合物分子反应进行了大量研究.相比于过渡金属氧化物团簇阳离子,阴离子对一些碳氢化合物的活性弱得多,因此研究还很少.在本工作中,我们通过激光溅射产生钒氧团簇阴离子VxOy-,产生的团簇在接近热碰撞条件下与烷烃(C2H6和C4H10)以及烯烃(C2H4和C3H6)在一个快速流动反应管中进行反应,飞行时间质谱用来检测反应前后的团簇分布.在VxOy-与烷烃的反应中,生成了产物V2O6H-和V4O11H-;在与烯烃的反应中,产生了相应的吸附产物V4O11X-(X=C2H4或C3H6).密度泛函理论计算表明:V2O6-和V4O1-1可以活化烷烃(C2H6和C4H10)的C-H键,也可以与烯烃(C2H4和C3H6)发生3+2环化加成反应形成一个五元环结构(-V-O-C-C-O-),C-H键活化与环加成反应都需经历可以克服的反应能垒.理论计算与实验观测结果相符合.V2O6-和V4O1-1团簇都具有氧原子自由基(O·或O-)的成键特征,活性O-物种也经常出现在钒氧催化剂表面,因而本研究在分子水平上,揭示了表面活性氧物种与碳氢化合物反应的机理.     

Accurate free energy calculation along optimized paths

The path‐based methods of free energy calculation, such as thermodynamic integration and free energy perturbation, are simple in theory, but difficult in practice because in most cases smooth paths do not exist, especially for large molecules. In this article, we present a novel method to build the transition path of a peptide. We use harmonic potentials to restrain its nonhydrogen atom dihedrals in the initial state and set the equilibrium angles of the potentials as those in the final state. Through a series of steps of geometrical optimization, we can construct a smooth and short path from the initial state to the final state. This path can be used to calculate free energy difference. To validate this method, we apply it to a small 10‐ALA peptide and find that the calculated free energy changes in helix‐helix and helix‐hairpin transitions are both self‐convergent and cross‐convergent. We also calculate the free energy differences between different stable states of β‐hairpin trpzip2, and the results show that this method is more efficient than the conventional molecular dynamics method in accurate free energy calculation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010     

鸟嘌呤四链体中Na~+的移动

Na+-G-四链体复合物是一个明显的极化体系,其形成或解离过程中,Na+的移动路线目前还不十分明确.σπ水平的原子-键电负性均衡方法融合进分子力学(ABEEMσπ/MM)模型除原子位点外,还明确地定义了孤对电子、σ键和π键的位置,并且各位点电荷随分子环境改变而浮动,因此能更好地反映该体系的极化现象.本文应用ABEEMσπ/MM方法研究了Na+-G-四平面复合物的性质,包括它的几何构型、电荷分布和结合能等,并在MP2/6-31G(d,p)水平上做了相应的从头算,两种结果十分吻合.Na+的存在改变了G-tetrad的氢键方式.通过比较Na+各条移动路线中体系的结合能,预测G-四链体中三个Na+最有可能沿α方向依次移出.以上研究为进一步应用ABEEMσπ/MM模型进行G-四链体中离子交换通道的动力学模拟打下坚实的基础.     

Analysis of phenolic choline esters from seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus by capillary liquid chromatography/electrospray‐ tandem mass spectrometry

Total phenolic choline ester fractions prepared from seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus were analyzed by capillary LC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS and direct infusion ESI‐FTICR‐MS. In addition to the dominating sinapoylcholine, 30 phenolic choline esters could be identified based on accurate mass measurements, interpretation of collision‐induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra, and synthesis of selected representatives. The compounds identified so far include substituted hydroxycinnamoyl‐ and hydroxybenzoylcholines, respective monohexosides as well as oxidative coupling products of phenolic choline esters and monolignols. Phenolic choline esters are well separable by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and sensitively detectable using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. CID mass spectra obtained from molecular ions facilitate the characterization of both the type and substitution pattern of such compounds. Therefore, LC/ESI‐MS/MS represents a valuable tool for comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of this compound class. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Dimethyl Sulfide in Gas Samples by Single Photon Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

It is difficult to determine sulfur-containing volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere because of their reactivity. Primary off-line techniques may suffer losses of analytes during the transportation from field to laboratory and sample preparation. In this study, a novel method was developed to directly measure dimethyl sulfide at parts-per-billion concentration levels in the atmosphere using vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This technique offers continuous sampling at a response rate of one measurement per second, or cumulative measurements over longer time periods. Laboratory prepared samples of different concentrations of dimethyl sulfide in pure nitrogen gas were analyzed at several sampling frequencies. Good precision was achieved using sampling periods of at least 60 seconds with a relative standard deviation of less than 25%. The detection limit for dimethyl sulfide was below the 3 ppb olfactory threshold. These results demonstrate that single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a valuable tool for rapid, real-time measurements of sulfur-containing organic compounds in the air.     

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight analysis for the identification and the determination of resveratrol and its metabolites in mouse plasma

Resveratrol is a polyphenol that has numerous interesting biological properties, but, per os, it is quickly metabolized. Some of its metabolites are more concentrated than resveratrol, may have greater biological activities, and may act as a kind of store for resveratrol. Thus, to understand the biological impact of resveratrol on a physiological system, it is crucial to simultaneously analyze resveratrol and its metabolites in plasma. This study presents an analytical method based on UHPLC-Q-TOF mass spectrometry for the quantification of resveratrol and of its most common hydrophilic metabolites. The use of ¹³C- and D-labeled standards specific to each molecule led to a linear calibration curve on a larger concentration range than described previously. The use of high resolution mass spectrometry in the full scan mode enabled simultaneous identification and quantification of some hydrophilic metabolites not previously described in mice. In addition, UHPLC separation, allowing run times lower than 10 min, can be used in studies that requiring analysis of many samples.     

Explanation of Theoretical Mechanism of Isomerization of L-Alanine Conformation for Experimental Results

B3LYP/6-31＋＋G＊＊ method was applied to investigate the mechanism of alanine isomerization.12 minima and 22 transition states were obtained after optimization and several paths of isomerization were found.It is found that intramolecular single-bond rotation and proton transfer might lead to isomerization.The energy barrier of C–N bond rotation was lower than 2.52 kcal·mol 1,while the energy barrier ranges of the rotation of C–C and C–O were separately 0.43~ 7.01 and 4.69~12.19 kcal·mol 1,and the minimum energy barrier of proton transfer was 30.76 kcal·mol 1.The most probable isomerization path and mechanism for the two most stable conformations was discussed to find that the highest energy barrier to be crossed in this path was 11.87 kcal·mol 1.In order to understand the microscopic nature why only 4 conformations were detected in the experiment,thermodynamic properties of all conformations at the experimental temperature of 391 K was calculated.It is found that conformations XII,XI,X and IX can only unidirectionally convert into conformations rapidly with low energy and vanish immediately.The other conformations were distributed according to Maxwell-Boltzman＇s law,and the distribution probabilities of conformations I,II,III,IV,V,VI,VII and VIII were respectively 27.2%,26.5%,25.8%,6.4%,5.2%,4.8%,2.5% and 1.6%.Conformations I,II and III with bigger probability and stronger absorption peak were easy to detect in the experiment.Conformation IV had a relatively smaller probability（6.4%） and weak absorption peak which,however,could also be identified.The other conformations had too small probability to identify in the spectrum.     

室内环境中脑控轮椅的路径跟踪控制

为了实现室内环境中脑控轮椅的自主导航,提出了一种简单有效的路径跟踪控制方法。给定的路径通常被表示为一系列离散点,根据这一特点,提出了分段直线路径跟踪方法,即依次跟踪由前后两个路径点构成的直线路径到达目标点。基于预瞄点技术并结合模糊算法和传统的PID控制方法设计控制器,完成各分段直线路径的跟踪,并给出了有效的切换条件。实验结果表明,本文提出的路径跟踪控制方法能够使脑控轮椅在室内环境中精确地跟踪给定路径。     

Reliable screening of pesticide residues in maternal and umbilical cord sera by gas chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry

The widespread use of pesticides induces heavy adverse effects on human health,especially for the pregnant women and the newborns.In this study,a screening method has been developed for the determination of multi-pesticides in maternal and umbilical cord sera.All pesticides in sera were collected using solid phase extraction(SPE),and analyzed by gas chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(GC-QTOF MS).To set up the quality criteria,a database of 50 pesticides was created and the accurate masses of 3 up to 5 representative ions with their intensity ratios were included for each pesticide.In addition,a novel"identification points"(IPs)system relying on the accurate MS1 and MS2 spectra was used to interpret the data for each suspected pesticide.The methodology was then applied to a pair of maternal and umbilical cord sera.A total of six pesticide residues were screened out successfully.In conclusion,GC-QTOF MS combined with an accurate mass database seemed to be one of the most efficient tools for systematic pesticide analysis.     

Optical constants of organic insulators in the UV range extracted from reflection electron energy loss spectra

Reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) spectra were measured for seven insulating organic compounds (DNA, Irganox 1010, Kapton, polyethylene [PE], poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA], polystyrene [PS] and polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]). Optical constants and energy band gaps were extracted from the measured REELS spectra after elimination of multiple electron scattering via a deconvolution and fitting the normalised single scattering energy loss spectra to Drude and Drude–Lindhard model dielectric functions, constrained by the Kramers–Kronig sum and f-sum rules. Satisfactory agreement is found for those optical constants for which literature data exists. For PTFE, the observed features in the optical data correspond to its electronic structure.