循环流化床煤燃烧/热解双反应器压力分布的实验研究

实验测量了一种新型的循环流化床煤燃烧/热解冷模反应器中提升管及立管内的压力分布，其中提升管的内径为100 mm、高为6 m;立管内径为44 mm、高为3 m，热解室的截面为200 mm×200 mm、高为770 mm。分别考察了提升管内的表观气速Ur、循环量Gs、加到热解室内的松动气量Qa以及初始装料量G等对系统压力分布的影响。结果表明，在立管底部阀门开度不变的情况下随着Ur的增加，提升管及立管内的压力梯度都趋于减小；在提升管内表观气速一定的情况下随着循环量Gs的增加，提升管及立管内的压力分布也随之增大；加到热解室内的松动气对立管内的压力分布影响较大，而对提升管内的压力分布影响相对较小；在立管底部阀门开度及Ur一定的情况下，随着初始装料量的增加提升管及立管内的压力分布也趋于增大。     

炉前煤低温干馏工艺中脱硫行为的模拟研究

为了提供燃煤炉前低温干馏系统中硫的脱除和转化的工业设计依据，采用自制的程序升温固定床反应器，在模拟燃煤炉前低温干馏的工况下考察了热解温度及Ca/S原子比对热解产物中硫分布的影响。结果表明，由于CaO的存在，循环流化床（CFB）锅炉的循环灰具有明显的固硫作用，在480℃~640℃、煤热解气、液产物中60％～70％的硫以CaS的形式固定在灰中。相同热解温度下，固硫作用随着Ca/S原子比的提高而增加，焦油收率和焦油中硫含量均有所下降。     

黄县块状褐煤热解过程的研究

本文利用单一煤块热解反应装置,在升温速率为2℃/min下,对黄县块状褐煤(粒径20—60mm)进行了热解实验,测得了热解失重和煤块内外温差数据。考察了粒径对热解过程的影响,成功地建立了包括传热因素在内的热解动力学模型。结果发现,热解失重活化能约为110kJ/mol,煤块最大内外温差出现在干燥段,对于粒径为60mm的煤块,最大内外温差约为100℃。     

Phase Composition and Charge Transport in Bismuth Molybdates

The study of structural and electrical properties of three pure bismuth molybdate phases, α-Bi₂Mo₃O₁₂, β-Bi₂Mo₂O₉ and γ-Bi₂MoO₆, prepared by the spray drying technique, is described and discussed. The structure of polycrystalline, layered samples investigated by means of XRD and Raman spectroscopy was found to be monoclinic for the α- and β-phases and orthorhombic for the γ-phase. The microstructure of the as-prepared samples was not sufficiently developed under the given conditions of preparation, however, the thermal treatment can improve it. The high polarizability of Bi³⁺ cations with their lone-pair electrons influences the stability of the disordered oxygen sublattice. All as-prepared phases undergo a slight structural change in the temperature region of 280–430°C resulting in a decrease of the electrical conductivity probably due to an order ⇄ disorder transition in the oxygen arrangement during the sample heating. The change of electrical conductivity observed was found to be reversible in the high-temperature region and irreversible in the low-temperature one. The blocking of oxygen transport by the bismuth lone-pair electrons results in an increase of the activation energy and a decrease of the electrical conductivity in the high-temperature region. Relatively high relative dielectric permittivities ɛ_r, 36–52, were observed in dependence on the investigated phase.__________From Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 523–528.Original English Text Copyright © 2005 by Hartmanova, Le, Driessche, Hoste, Kundracik.This article was submitted by the authors in English.     

纳米双烃基复合金属氧化物的阻燃性能

研究了纳米尺寸双羟基复合金属氧化（MgAl-CO3-LDH)的结构及其对聚氯乙烯（PVC）复合材料的阻燃抑烟性能，通过X射线粉末衍射，扫描电子显微镜，热分析，粒度分析等手段对LDH进行了表征，结果表明，LDH粒径约为50－100nm，用透射电镜考察了LDH与PVC的复合物尺寸及形貌特征，得出改性的LDH在PVC中能以一次粒子均匀分散，将氧指数、UL－94垂直燃烧测试结果与文献值对比，实验所制备的纳米LDH对软PVC具有良好的阻燃效果，烟密度测试结果表明，纳米LDH是软LDH是软PVC良好的抑烟剂，每100份软PVC仅添加20－40份LDH，就可使软PVC的产烟速率及最大烟密度下降约40％。     

3-硝基-1，2，4-三唑-5-酮铅金属盐快速热分解反应动力学研究

利用温度快速跃升傅立叶变换红外原位分析技术对3-硝基-1，2，4-三唑-5-酮铅盐的快速热分解反应动力学进行了研究。借助快速升温过程中Pt金属丝的控制电压变化曲线得到剧烈放热峰的诱导出现时间t_x，利用t_x值计算得到了快速热分解过程的动力学参数。在0.1 MPa氩气气氛，230～270 ℃实验温度范围内，3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮铅金属盐的活化能E_a=94.0 kJ·mol^-1，lnA=20.5。同时得到了该化合物快速热分解过程的近似吉布斯自由能变，熵变和焓变。该方法借助温度快速跃升技术，在模拟材料实际使用情况下计算得到其动力学参数，可用于含能材料燃烧模型的建立。     

Characterization of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 Produced by a Reactive DC Thermal Plasma Spray System

An atmospheric pressure, reactive DC plasma spray system was used to evaluate a process for depositing porous, complex oxide thin films. A mixture of La₃O₃, SrCO₃, and MnCo₃ was used to produce a porous cathode layer for potential application in planar solid oxide fuel cells. The coated lanthanum strontium manganite (LSMO) layer made from the mixture was compared to ones generated using a pre-reacted LMSO powder made by solid-state reaction. The results showed that the crystallization of the reactive-spray formed coating layer on the zirconia substrate was higher than that of the coating layer on the mild steel from the pre-reacted LMSO powder. It is both a simpler process and gave better crystallization. The controlled porous coating layers with open pore size of less than 1 m were successfully produced in a reactive DC plasma spray system from the mixture of raw materials.     

Formation Mechanisms of Sol-Gel-Derived Hydroxyapatite Using Different Thermal Processings

Sol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) precursors were calcined by two thermal processings, a rapid-thermal-calcine (RTC) heating at 100–600°C/min and a conventional-furnace-calcine (CFC) heating at 1.67°C/min, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the onset temperature of HA crystallization is lower in RTC, 350°C, as compared to 600°C in CFC. Pyrolytic-GC/MS programs showed that the evolved gases out of a sample subjected to RTC are mainly H₂O, N₂O and ethylamine, while those of a sample subjected to CFC are CO₂ and small organic molecules. The results leads to models that RTC can quickly remove organic portion of the gel networks, leading to a porous surface morphology and a collapse of gel networks at local areas, so that HA crystallite nucleation is facilitated due to intimate contacts among inorganic species at lower temperatures. On the other hand, slow evolution of organics during CFC leads to carbonaceous residues that isolate the inorganic species and inhibit nucleation of HA crystallites until at a higher temperature.     

IR spectroscopic study of thioacrolein and its photoisomerization to methylthioketene

The molecules of thioacrolein (1) and metylthioketene (3), which are labile under normal conditions, have been studied by the matrix Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy method. Compound1 was obtained by vacuum pyrolysis (1120 K, 10^–4 Torr) of diallyl sulfide. The analysis of its IR spectrum shows that1 exists as a mixture ofs-trans ands-cis conformers. UV irradiation ( > 248 nm) of matrix isolated1 results in a 1,3 hydrogen shift and the formation of3, which is characterized by a strong band of antisymmetric stretching vibrations of the thioketene fragmentvC=C=S at 1777.2 cm^–1. The experimental IR bands of molecules1 and3 were assigned to fundamental modes. The relatively low frequencies of the stretching vibrations of the double bonds (vC=C at 1598.0 cm^–1 andvC=S at 1071.8 cm^–1) and the heightened frequency of the C-C single bond stretching (vC-C 1173.7 cm^–1) in the spectrum of1 indicate appreciable delocalization of the electron density in the conjugated -orbital system.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 464–470, March, 1995.