Radiation of electric arc burning in argon

Using real experimentally obtained integral values, the paper deals with modelling of electric arc stabilised by flowing gas. Attention is focused namely on approximate estimation of radiation coefficient of argon. A designed model of electric arc burning in argon of atmospheric pressure inside arc heater’s anode channel is described. The model makes it possible to compute axial and/or radial dependencies of some quantities of interest (temperature, velocity, electric field intensity, arc radius, etc.), and subsequently to judge energy exchange between the arc and its surroundings. Sets of model’s input data, including arc voltage, arc current, argon flow-rate, and flow-rates and temperatures of water cooling individual parts of the arc heater, have been measured during numerous experiments. In a studied case with relatively high argon flow-rate, radiation has been found to be prevailing mechanism of energy transfer from arc to anode channel walls. Based on this finding, techniques have been designed for simple approximate estimation of radiation coefficient of argon in a limited extent of temperatures. As an example, they have been tested on a particular set of measured and computed data. Argon radiation coefficient estimated in this way has been compared with the results of theoretical computations carried out by other authors. Considering simplifications used and differences between a real situation and an ideal theoretical model, agreement of the results is within satisfactory limits.     

Entropy production in a cell and reversal of entropy flow as an anticancer therapy

The entropy production rate of cancer cells is always higher than healthy cells in the case where no external field is applied. Different entropy production between two kinds of cells determines the direction of entropy flow among cells. The entropy flow is the carrier of information flow. The entropy flow from cancerous cells to healthy cells takes along the harmful information of cancerous cells, propagating its toxic action to healthy tissues. We demonstrate that a low-frequency and lowintensity electromagnetic field or ultrasound irradiation may increase the entropy production rate of a cell in normal tissue than that in cancer and consequently reverse the direction of entropy current between two kinds of cells. The modification of the PH value of cells may also cause the reversal of the direction of entropy flow between healthy and cancerous cells. Therefore, the biological tissue under the irradiation of an electromagnetic field or ultrasound or under the appropriate change of cell acidity can avoid the propagation of harmful information from cancer cells. We suggest that this entropy mechanism possibly provides a basis for a novel approach to anticancer therapy.      

A Facile Synthesis of NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide and Mixed Metal Oxide with Excellent Microwave Absorption Properties

Microwave-absorbing materials have attracted increased research interest in recent years because of their core roles in the fields of electromagnetic (EM) pollution precaution and information security. In this paper, microwave-absorbing material NiFe-layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) was synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method and calcined for the fabrication of NiFe-mixed metal oxide (NiFe-MMO). The phase structure and micromorphology of the NiFe-LDH and NiFe-MMO were analyzed, and their microwave-absorbing properties were investigated with a vector network analyzer in 2–18 GHz. Both NiFe-LDH and NiFe-MMO possessed abundant interfaces and a low dielectric constant, which were beneficial to electromagnetic wave absorption, owing to the synergistic effect of multi-relaxation and impedance matching. The optimum reflection loss (RL) of NiFe-LDH and NiFe-MMO was −58.8 dB and −64.4 dB, respectively, with the thickness of 4.0 mm in the C band. This work demonstrates that LDH-based materials have a potential application in electromagnetic wave absorption.     

Searching for evidences of the surface plasmon nature of the thermal radiation emitted from the facet edge of a metal bar

Thermal radiation emitted from flat facet edges of an aluminum bar has been experimentally investigated. It is established that the radiation is predominantly p-polarized and has the pattern with a pronounced maximum oriented at an angle of a few degrees to the plane of the facet. In addition, the magnitude of this maximum increases with the facet length size and tends to saturation as the length increases. The facts suggest that this phenomenon occurs due to diffraction of infrared surface plasmon-polaritons (SPPs) generated by phonons of the sample. This assumption is supported by a cubic dependence of the radiation intensity on temperature, which is typical for thermally generated SPPs (TSPPs). The analytical model for computing the spectrum and the integral intensity of the entire set of TSPPs arriving to the edge of their sources line has been developed as well.     

Large eddy simulation of piloted pulverised coal combustion using extended flamelet/progress variable model

An extended flamelet/progress variable (EFPV) model for simulating pulverised coal combustion (PCC) in the context of large eddy simulation (LES) is proposed, in which devolatilisation, char surface reaction and radiation are all taken into account. The pulverised coal particles are tracked in the Lagrangian framework with various sub-models and the sub-grid scale (SGS) effects of turbulent velocity and scalar fluctuations on the coal particles are modelled by the velocity-scalar joint filtered density function (VSJFDF) model. The presented model is then evaluated by LES of an experimental piloted coal jet flame and comparing the numerical results with the experimental data and the results from the eddy break up (EBU) model. Detailed quantitative comparisons are carried out. It is found that the proposed model performs much better than the EBU model on radial velocity and species concentrations predictions. Comparing against the adiabatic counterpart, we find that the predicted temperature is evidently lowered and agrees well with the experimental data if the conditional sampling method is adopted.     

Application of multi-pulse optical imaging to measure evolution of laser-produced counter-streaming flows

A counter-streaming flow system is a test-bed to investigate the astrophysical collisionless shock(CS) formation in the laboratory. Electrostatic/electromagnetic instabilities, competitively growing in the system and exciting the CS formation, are sensitive to the flows parameters. One of the most important parameters is the velocity, determining what kind of instability contributes to the shock formation. Here we successfully measure the evolution of the counter-streaming flows within one shot using a multi-pulses imaging diagnostic technique. With the technique, the average velocity of the high-density-part(ne ≥ 8–9 × 10~(19)cm~(-3)) of the flow is directly measured to be of ～ 10~6cm/s between 7 ns and 17 ns.Meanwhile, the average velocity of the low-density-part(ne ≤ 2 × 10~(19)cm~(-3)) can be estimated as ～ 10~7cm/s. The experimental results show that a collisionless shock is formed during the low-density-part of the flow interacting with each other.     

辐射输运与电子能量强耦合源项的一种高效计算方法

本文研究辐射输运和电子能量耦合方程组的数值方法. 在具有光性厚特征的应用问题中,这两类方程的耦合源项表现出强刚性,使得设计稳健高效的数值格式陷入困难.针对辐射输运多群模型和电子能量的耦合方程组的刚性源项,我们给出一种基于电子温度变化规律拟设（ansatz）的积分算法,其时间步长不受刚性源项限制,从而使得计算效率比传统显式方法或隐式非线性迭代获得本质的提高.在所基于的拟设有效时,算法确保给出具有物理意义的解,数值算例显示其给出的解具有较高的精确度.     

ZL303合金电磁热止裂后力学性能研究

利用自制的ZL-2超强脉冲放电装置对含有单边裂纹的ZL303合金试件进行电磁热止裂试验。通过微机控制电子万能试验机对止裂前后试件进行拉伸试验,并用SEM扫描电镜对断口进行观察,最后理论分析了受拉伸试件的应力强度因子。结果表明,电磁热止裂技术对ZL303具有良好的止裂效果;放电强化作用主要集中在裂尖附近,裂尖钝化形成焊口,裂尖处组织变细且强度提高,试件的抗拉强度平均提高了16.5%;电热应力强度因子削弱了拉应力所产生的应力强度因子,达到力学性能强化的效果。     

Dynamic interactions of an integrated vehicle–electromagnetic energy harvester–tire system subject to uneven road excitations

An investigation is undertaken of an integrated mechanical-electromagnetic coupling system consisting of a rigid vehicle with heave, roll, and pitch motions, four electro-magnetic energy harvesters and four tires subject to uneven road excitations in order to improve the passengers' riding comfort and harvest the lost engine energy due to uneven roads. Following the derived mathematical formulations and the proposed solution approaches, the numerical simulations of this interaction system subject to a continuous sinusoidal road excitation and a single ramp impact are completed. The simulation results are presented as the dynamic response curves in the forms of the frequency spectrum and the time history, which reveals the complex interaction characteristics of the system for vibration reductions and energy harvesting performance. It has addressed the coupling effects on the dynamic characteristics of the integrated system caused by:(1) the natural modes and frequencies of the vehicle;(2) the vehicle rolling and pitching motions;(3) different road exci-tations on four wheels;(4) the time delay of a road ramp to impact both the front and rear wheels, etc., which cannot be tackled by an often used quarter vehicle model. The guide-lines for engineering applications are given. The developed coupling model and the revealed concept provide a means with analysis idea to investigate the details of four energy harvester motions for electromagnetic suspension designs in order to replace the current passive vehicle isolators and to harvest the lost engine energy. Potential further research directions are suggested for readers to consider in the future.     

High Intensity Generation of Entangled Photons in a Two‐Mode Electromagnetic Field

At present, the sources of entangled photons have a low rate of photon generation. This limitation is a key component of quantum informatics for the realization of such functions as linear quantum computation and quantum teleportation. In this paper, we propose a method for high intensity generation of entangled photons in a two‐mode electromagnetic field. On the basis of exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation, when electrons interact in an atom with a strong two‐mode electromagnetic field, it is shown that there may be large quantum entanglement between photons. The quantum entanglement is analyzed on the basis of the Schmidt parameter. It is shown that the Schmidt parameter can reach very high values depending on the choice of characteristics of the two‐mode fields. We find the Wigner function for the considered case. Violation of Bell's inequalities for continuous variables is demonstrated.