The physics of Aeolian sand transport

We give a synthetic overview of the state of art of the physics of sand Aeolian transport. We first present the main ideas developed by Bagnold in the middle of the last century. We then review the recent experimental and theoretical advances made in the field and emphasize that the particle flow rate does not exhibit a cubic dependence with the air friction speed, as predicted by Bagnold, but a quadratic one. Finally, we list important open issues that remain.     

Fluidization behavior of oil-contaminated sand

Hydrodynamic behavior of oil-polluted particles of sand was investigated in transparent glass column. The onset of fluidization of sand beds increased with the oil content of the bed. An increase of cohesive forces related to the higher content of liquid (oil) caused deterioration of the quality of fluidization. An empirical correlation was developed to predict the dimensionless gas velocity that keeps the bed of sticky particles fluidized. Results of this work can be employed for the design of fluidized-bed remediation units for oil-polluted sands and soils. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Novel methods to extract flavanones and xanthones from the root bark of Maclura pomifera

A comparison between the extraction yields of xanthones and flavanones from the root bark of the Maclura pomifera by solid-liquid extraction (SLE), matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), and an alternative method using sea sand as a sample disruptor, is presented here. Two extraction solvents were used for all extraction techniques, dichloromethane and methanol:water, (9:1, v/v). The extraction procedures were reproducible as the R.S.D. values were less than 5% for almost all compounds. A recovery above 80% was obtained for macluraxanthone using the sea sand extraction procedure. Statistical treatment, ANOVA-single factor, was used to evaluate the different extraction procedures, and homogenization of plant material with sand followed by elution with dichloromethane provided the most efficient and rapid extraction method.     

爆炸载荷下地下巷道分配层结构的对比分析

为寻找削波效果更好的分配层结构,基于光滑粒子流体动力学-有限元耦合方法SPH-FEM,建立地下巷道爆炸效应分析模型,形成11种不同的模拟方案。将含不同材料的分配层结构的测点应力峰值进行对比,以及从测点应力峰值、能量峰值和拱顶竖向位移的角度来比较不同分配层结构的削波能力,并将爆炸近区测点应力峰值与经验公式进行对比。结果表明,砂土的削波能力要强于泡沫混凝土;分配层中各层材料采用周期循环、波阻抗值递增且相邻材料波阻抗比减小的方式来布置,同时在分配层中加入钢铁,对应力波峰值的衰减和弥散效果最优。爆炸近区的模拟数值与计算值吻合度较高,证明此模拟具有一定的可靠性,可以为军事防护工程的结构设计提供参考。     

砂土场地中直埋热力管道热力学特性试验研究

为研究砂土场地中管道温度变化影响下管体与土体的热力学特性, 设计了一种直埋热力管道温度变化模型试验及测试系统, 较为系统地研究了砂土场地中直埋热力管道运行时的管土热力学特性. 结果表明: 在管道升温过程中, 管道上部土体温度增长速率和幅度均大于管道侧边及底部土体温度; 土体孔压随温度上升而增大, 在温度稳定后逐渐消散; 管体应变在温度上升时因膨胀而变大, 随后回落, 并维持在一定值, 其中环向应变大于轴向应变.     

LARGE-STRAIN CONSOLIDATION OF FOUNDATION WITH SAND DRAINS BASED ON HANSBO'S FLOW 1)

基于Gibson大变形固结理论,通过引入Hansbo渗流模型和软黏土非线性变形特性,同时考虑土层的沉积效应,分别建立了以孔隙比$e$和超孔压$u$表示的砂井地基大变形固结方程。通过与已有研究成果的对比,验证了本文方法的可靠性和砂井地基大变形固结方程两种描述方式的等效性。通过FlexPDE得到方程的数值解,在此基础上,研究了砂井地基大、小应变固结理论与Barron固结解的差异性,探讨了Hansbo渗流参数$m$和$I_1$对砂井地基固结的影响,最后对比分析了砂井地基轴对称固结、径向固结和竖向一维固结的关系。研究结果表明：考虑Hansbo渗流的砂井地基非线性大变形固结模型的固结速率最慢,且在固结后期,Hansbo渗流时大、小应变固结与Barron固结的平均固结度基本趋近;随着Hansbo渗流参数$m$和$I_1$的逐渐增大,砂井地基的固结速率逐渐降低;随着砂井影响半径的增大,砂井地基轴对称固结与径向固结的差异性也越来越大,且在固结早期会出现一维竖向固结速率高于轴对称固结和径向固结的现象。     

平面激波加载下砂墙结构的冲击响应特性

砂墙结构在爆炸安全防护领域具有广泛应用,为了研究激波加载下砂墙结构的冲击响应特性,基于水平激波管实验装置,开展平面激波冲击砂墙结构系列实验,采用高速纹影摄像系统捕捉流场中激波波系的演化过程和砂墙结构的运动过程。入射激波马赫数为1.827~2.413,相应入射激波载荷强度为0.378~0.724 MPa。砂墙结构利用铁砂、矾土、石英砂3种实验用砂制备,所制备砂墙结构孔隙度分别为56.6%、69.3%、56.6%。高速纹影照片显示:平面激波冲击砂墙结构发生反射和透射,伴随入射激波和透射激波的传播,在百微秒内,砂墙未产生显著运动,表现出显著的类固体动力学响应特性。基于冲击理论,确定了铁砂墙、矾土砂墙、石英砂墙的线性冲击关系,冲击关系中线性常数λ值量级为100,根据凝聚介质实用状态方程推断:较低强度载荷冲击作用下,砂墙主要产生体积变形,而由冲击引起的热能效应则可以忽略。     

Transparent,Ultrahigh‐Gas‐Barrier Films with a Brick–Mortar–Sand Structure

Transparent and flexible gas‐barrier materials have shown broad applications in electronics, food, and pharmaceutical preservation. Herein, we report ultrahigh‐gas‐barrier films with a brick–mortar–sand structure fabricated by layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly of XAl‐layered double hydroxide (LDH, X=Mg, Ni, Zn, Co) nanoplatelets and polyacrylic acid (PAA) followed by CO₂ infilling, denoted as (XAl‐LDH/PAA)_n‐CO₂. The near‐perfectly parallel orientation of the LDH “brick” creates a long diffusion length to hinder the transmission of gas molecules in the PAA “mortar”. Most significantly, both the experimental studies and theoretical simulations reveal that the chemically adsorbed CO₂ acts like “sand” to fill the free volume at the organic–inorganic interface, which further depresses the diffusion of permeating gas. The strategy presented here provides a new insight into the perception of barrier mechanism, and the (XAl‐LDH/PAA)_n‐CO₂ film is among the best gas barrier films ever reported.     

加拿大油砂沥青减压渣油在CO/H2-H2O作用下的热改质特性研究

以加拿大油砂沥青大于420℃的减压渣油（BVR）为原料,对比研究其在CO/H₂-H₂O和N₂体系中的热改质特性,通过系统分析BVR在H₂-H₂O、CO-H₂O、N₂-H₂O等不同氢源下的热改质特性以揭示CO/H₂-H₂O对渣油热改质的作用机制,最后探讨合成气压力、含水量以及温度对BVR临CO/H₂-H₂O改质生焦倾向的影响。结果表明,与临氮改质相比,相同反应条件下,合成气和水可使BVR热改质的生焦诱导期延长3.5-6.5 min;相同生焦率（约0.1%）时,合成气和水可显著提升BVR热改质降黏率,410℃时相对临氮改质的降黏率为29.1%,而420℃时可达54.6%。比较不同氢源下BVR热改质的生焦诱导期、改质油黏度和安定性、渣油转化率发现,H₂-H₂O、CO-H₂O、N₂-H₂O等均对BVR热改质表现出与CO/H₂-H₂O相同的促进效果,各氢源作用活性的大小顺序为H₂-H₂O > CO/H₂-H₂O > CO-H₂O > N₂-H₂O。由此可知,CO/H₂-H₂O对渣油热改质的促进作用可归因于氢气、CO水热变换新生氢和水热裂解的综合效应,且其中氢气的作用仍最显著。合成气压力、含水量和反应温度可通过影响不同氢源的贡献而调控BVR临CO/H₂-H₂O改质生焦倾向。低成本易获取的合成气可以提供BVR热降黏改质所需氢源,水能够通过CO水热变换反应供出新生活泼氢而协同合成气实现BVR高效改质。     

严重生物降解原油GC-MS特征及油源对比

图牧吉油砂位于松辽盆地边缘,搞清它的油源对于该地区的油气勘探有着十分重要的意义。气相色谱-质谱分析表明,该样品受到了严重的生物降解,部分用于对比的甾、萜烷生标标志物受到了降解,使与之有关的参数值发生了变化,给油源对比带来了困难。本研究采用抗生物降解的三环萜烷和四环萜烷等作生标对比参数,将图牧吉油砂与周边已知烃源岩的原油进行对比,确定了该生物降解油来自松辽盆地的嫩江组和青三口组烃源岩。该研究为严重生物降解原油的油源对比提供了有效的方法。