一种计算砂体储量动用程度的新方法

水驱油藏的水驱特征曲线理论已经较为成熟,可以利用水驱曲线获取油藏开发指标参数,其中甲乙丙型水驱曲线及推广应用最为常见.结合水驱特征曲线与灰色关联算法,提出水驱曲线与灰色关联联解法计算砂体的动态地质储量,首先由丙型水驱曲线获得区块的动用地质储量,然后由灰色关联法计算区块内各类型砂体的权重,确定出砂体的动用地质储量,结合地质储量,计算砂体的储量动用程度,并与常规油藏工程方法计算的水驱储量动用程度相对比,提出砂体动用补偿因子的概念,对常规计算动用程度的方法加以修正,以计算真实的砂体储量动用程度,对油田认清各类型砂体的动用情况具有现实的指导意义.     

Mass conservation in computational morphodynamics: uniform sediment and infinite availability

Computational morphodynamics in finite volume methods are based on the evaluation of the rate of bed level change in the vertices on the deforming bed. With the use of finite volume methods on collocated (unstructured) grids, the rate of bed level change needs to be interpolated from the mesh faces to the vertices. First, this work reviews two methods based on a vectorial shape of the bed evolution equation (no scalar contributions from storage, erosion and deposition) in terms of their mass conserving properties. Second, a method that allows for scalar contributions in the bed evolution equation (the Exner equation) is proposed for general, unstructured meshes, and an analytical derivation for the simple one‐dimensional problem on a non‐equidistantly discretised grid is considered. The solution is compared with the general two‐dimensional formulation. The two‐dimensional formulation leads to the formulation of a geometric sand sliding routine on unstructured grids. The newly proposed interpolation method and the sand sliding routine are tested, and mass conservation of the sediment is considered with special emphasis on the effect of the solution accuracy for the suspended sediment transport. Discussions on other interpolation methods and their mass conserving properties are given with a special focus of the distance weighted interpolation method directly available and easily applied in O penFOAM . Furthermore, effects from horizontal displacements of the vertices, explicit filtering of the evolving bed and morphological acceleration on global mass conservation, are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Vibrational Spectroscopy Study of “Urinary Sand”

Laser Raman Spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy are used for the study of “urinary sand”. The examination of Raman spectra indicates the presence of struvite and apatite in the sample. The FT-IR spectrum is used to evaluate the relative concentration of apatitebtruvite components in the sample. The form of band profile may be correlated to the history of particle growth.     

Pyrolysis of carbonaceous foundry sand additives: Seacoal and gilsonite

Seacoal and gilsonite are used by the foundry industry as carbonaceous additives in green molding sands. In this study, pyrolysis was used to simulate the heating conditions that the carbonaceous additives would experience during metal casting. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to tentatively identify major organic products generated during their pyrolysis at 500, 750, and 1000 °C. A number of compounds of environmental concern were identified during the pyrolysis of seacoal and gilsonite, including substituted benzenes, phenolics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These thermal decomposition products, and especially PAHs, were generated at each pyrolysis temperature in all foundry sands containing seacoal. In gilsonite-amended sand, however, mainly alkanes and alkenes were identified at 500 and 750 °C and PAHs at 1000 °C. Compared to seacoal, the most intense peaks occurred during the pyrolysis of sand containing gilsonite. The greatest loss of pyrolyzable material also occurred during heating of gilsonite-amended sand from ambient temperature to 1000 °C in a thermogravimetric analyzer. The results obtained from this study will be useful to green sand foundries looking to reduce volatile hydrocarbon emissions.     

胶结砂砾石层面直剪试验及破坏行为细观研究

本文采用宏观试验和细观模拟相结合的方法研究胶结砂砾石层面在剪切过程中的破坏行为．首先进行了不同法向应力作用下的胶结砂砾石层面直剪试验,获得了不同的剪切面破坏特征：随着法向应力的不断增加,剪切破坏面凹凸起伏程度、骨料脱落现象越发明显．其次为了深入探究层面破坏现象,按照室内试验采用的骨料级配粒径建立细观颗粒数值模型,结合物理试验对模型进行参数标定,并进行数值模型的层面直剪模拟和细观分析．结果表明,数值模型可以再现宏观直剪试验层面破坏特征;法向应力越大,层面区域颗粒发生错动和翻转的数量越多;层面破坏方式为颗粒间的张拉和剪切混合破坏,裂隙均集中在层面位置,随着法向应力的增加,裂隙的集中区域逐渐由“面”向“带”转变．     

沙尘天气下大气能见度对激光光强的影响

基于米氏理论,分别研究了不同波长的激光信号在沙尘天气中发生单次散射和多次散射时光强与能见度间的变化关系.推导出发生单次散射时光强与能见度间的解析表达式,同时采用蒙特卡洛方法分析了发生多次散射时光强与能见度间的关系,并与单次散射时的结果进行对比.结果表明:在激光信号波长固定时,接收光强会随着沙尘能见度的增大而增加,并趋于稳定值;在能见度固定时,接收光强会随着激光信号波长的增大而减小;随着传输距离的增加,多次散射的影响会越来越明显.     

Transport of N-CD and Pre-Sorbed Pb in Saturated Porous Media

Carbon dots (CDs) are a new type of nanomaterials of the carbon family with unique characteristics, such as their small size (e.g., <10 nm), high water solubility, low toxicity, and high metal affinity. Modification of CDs by Nitrogen functional groups (N-CDs) enhances their metal adsorption capacity. This study investigated the influences of pH (4, 6, and 9), ionic strength (1, 50, and 100 mM), and cation valency (Na⁺ and Ca²⁺) on the competitive adsorption of Pb to quartz and N-CD surfaces, the transport and retention of N-CDs in saturated porous media, and the capacity of N-CDs to mobilize pre-adsorbed Pb in quartz columns. Pb adsorption was higher on N-CDs than on quartz surfaces and decreased with increases in ionic strength (IS) and divalent cations (Ca²⁺) concentration. N-CD mobility in quartz columns was highest at pH of 9- and 1-mM monovalent cations (Na⁺) and decreased with decreases in pH and increases in ionic strength and ion valency. N-CDs mobilized pre-adsorbed Pb from quartz due to the higher adsorption affinity of Pb to N-CD than to quartz surfaces. These findings provide valuable insights into the transport, retention, and risk assessment of lead in the presence of carbon-based engineered nanoparticles.     

沙子的开采

为一个1000×500(米)地区沙子的开采进行工程设计和评估.根据该地区20×10个网点处有关数据,估算该地区的沙的储量是210万吨.在每月10万吨的开挖量的限制条件和考虑1%的月贴现率下,引入开采每吨沙土所获利润函数,确定开采沙子的施工原则是实现该函数由大到小.然后照顾施工方便设计每月具体工程方案,计算出整个工程需投资2364.6万元,工期30个月.可采沙195.54万吨,获利润近1500万元,利润率在60%以上.     

螺旋管油气水多相流动与原油管流除砂理论

本文介绍了有关螺旋管内油气水多相流动的研究成果及原油井口螺旋管旋流除砂工艺技术发明的原理与实效．     

砂土初始孔隙比空间变异性对其力学特性及破坏模式的影响分析

现有研究大多采用简单的摩尔库伦模型针对土的空间变异性对边坡或基础的安全系数或失效概率做计算分析.事实上临界状态本构模型,如SIMSAND,能更准确地反映土的应力-应变关系.为此,本文采用SIM-SAND模型,针对砂土初始孔隙比的空间变异性对其力学特性及破坏模式的影响做详细分析,算例采用简单的室内平面应变双轴试验,分为松砂排水、密砂排水、松砂不排水和密砂不排水四种情况.每一种情况均采用蒙特卡罗方法进行初始孔隙比的随机分布生成,并做大量计算,以此来分析初始孔隙比的不均匀性对剪切带生成和破坏模式和竖向承载力发展及其概率密度分布的影响.