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961.
我们理论上研究了基于热铷原子系综中的四波混频效应实现信噪比优化的系统。我们分析了非相敏放大器与相敏放大器中信号光信噪比的变化情况。在非相敏放大器中,信号光为相干态注入,闲置光为真空态注入,此时信号光在被放大的同时,信噪比降低,其噪声系数大于1。在相敏放大器中,信号光和闲置光均为相干态注入,此时在特定的条件下,信号光在被放大的同时信噪比得到提高,其噪声系数小于1。在注入光束间的相对相位=2 kπ(k为整数)时,信号光的有效增益最大且噪声系数最小。在这样的相对相位下,只要注入闲置光光强高于注入信号光光强的17.2%时,信号光就能够在被放大的同时信噪比得到提高。特别地,当注入闲置光光强同时低于注入信号光光强时,就实现了弱光对强光信噪比的优化作用。 相似文献
962.
963.
We present a theoretical model of the behavior of a concentrated electrorheological fluid (ERF) which explicitly takes into account the effects of conductivity. The increase in shear viscosity under an electric field is due to a layered structure between the electrodes, made up of the remnants of particle chains adhering to the electrodes by electrostatic image forces, and a freely flowing liquid layer where all the shear flow is concentrated. This layered model can explain the variation of electric current with shear rate, as well as the rheological response of a dynamic yield stress proportional to the square of the applied electric field. 相似文献
964.
Jean Piquemal 《Transport in Porous Media》1994,17(2):105-120
This paper presents a method and describes an experimental device for determining the steam-water relative permeabilites of unconsolidated porous media. The experimental conditions are as close as possible to those of geothermal reservoirs. The relative permeabilities have been obtained at 180 and 150?C. Their variations versus liquid saturation are quite classical. The air-water relative permeabilities have been measured also at room temperature. The values obtained under these three conditions are almost identical. However, the air-water relative permeability differs slightly from that of steam at 180 and 150?C. We think this discrepancy is acceptable in practice, as it is easier to determine the relative permeabilities for an air-water flow at room temperature than for a steam-water flow at high temperature and pressure. 相似文献
965.
966.
Hill condition and overall properties of composites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
S. Hazanov 《Archive of Applied Mechanics (Ingenieur Archiv)》1998,68(6):385-394
Summary We discuss the Hill principle's role and applications in modern micromechanics of industrial composite materials. Uniform
boundary conditions, fundamental in micromechanics, are introduced as a class of Hill solutions. Mixed uniform conditions,
basic for experimental testing, are analysed. Domains of application of the Hill principle are reviewed, like homogeneization
of heterogeneous media, definition of effective properties and size effect in heterogeneous materials. Generalization of the
Hill condition is realized for arbitrary materials, in particular for nonlinear inelastic composites with imperfect interfaces.
Received 9 September 1997; accepted for publication 23 December 1997 相似文献
967.
An experimental investigation was performed to study a specific axial crush configuration response of steel, square box components under quasi-static testing conditions. For a specific cross-sectional geometry/fabrication process, test specimens were obtained from commercially produced, welded tube lengths of ASTM A36 and ASTM A513 Type 1 plain low-carbon steels and AISI 316 and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steels. Removable grooved caps were used to constrain tube test specimen ends, and collapse initiators in the form of shallow machined grooves were used to control the initial transverse deformations of the test specimen sidewalls. The progressive plastic deformation for all of the test specimens was restricted to the prototype configuration response (fold formation process and the corresponding axial load-axial displacement curve shape) of the symmetric axial crush mode. Crush characteristics were evaluated and, for each material type, observed differences were less than 7% for maximum and minimum load magnitudes and less than 2% for energy absorption, displacement, and mean load quantities in both the initial phase and the secondary folding phase cycles. Overall, results of the study indicate that for a significant range of material strengths, a controlled and repeatable energy absorption process can be obtained for commercially produced steel box components undergoing symmetric axial crush response. 相似文献
968.
In multicomponent media, the equilibrium states are defined by thermodynamic equilibrium conditions in the form of the equalities between the pressures and temperatures of the components, the maximum entropy principle (or the free-energy minimum) for the mixture, and the equality of the velocities of the components. The conservation laws for the components allow for their interaction with each other in the form of forces and energy fluxes containing the differences of the velocities, pressures, and temperatures of the components. The form of momentum and energy exchange between each component and the continuum expressing the collective properties of the ensemble of components, is also considered. It is shown that these momentum and energy fluxes are different from zero only for the states of multicomponent media with velocity nonequilibrium.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 7–15, January–February, 2005. 相似文献
969.
Calculations of effective diffusivities in three-dimensional, spatially periodic porous media are performed. For isotropic systems, it is found that, for a given porosity, the predicted value of the effective diffusivity matches experimental results for randomly-packed beds of spheres. Furthermore, the three-dimensional geometry yields approximately the same results as previous calculations employing two-dimensional representations, indicating a relative insensitivity of the effective diffusivity to local geometry. Regarding anisotropic systems, for which two-dimensional modes fail, it is found that there is a significant improvement in the prediction of the effective diffusivity perpendicular to the bedding plane when the three-dimensional model is employed using one adjustable parameter. However, the three-dimensional model overestimates the effective diffusivity parallel to the bedding plane.Notation
a, b
Geometric parameters (Figure 3)
-
c
Solute concentration
-
D
Diffusion coefficient
-
D
eff
Effective diffusivity tensor
-
E
Dimensionless effective diffusivity, defined by Equation (3.1)
-
f
Vector function, defined in Equation (2.8)
-
l
Characteristic length of the pore scale
-
L
Characteristic length of the macroscopic scale
-
L
a
, L
b
Geometric parameters (Figure 3)
-
n
Unit vector perpendicular to the fluid-solid interface
-
r
0
Size of the averaging volume
-
t
Time
-
t
*
Characteristic time
-
U
Unit tensor
-
V
Averaging volume
Greek Letters
Porosity
-
Parameter defined by Equation (3.4)
Indices
Fluid phase
-
Solid phase 相似文献
970.
The motion and interaction of discrete bubbles in porous materials is studied numerically using a network model. The goal is to extend analytical results for the motion of bubbles through a single straight tube to a more realistic geometry for porous materials, modeled here as a planar network of straight tubes of different radii. The problem is characterized by two dimensionless parameters, the capillary number (Ca) and the volume fraction of bubbles (); results are characterized by determining the effective permeability of the network and the mean residence time of bubbles in the material. The simulations indicate that at low volume fraction most of the bubbles follow a limited number of high-flow pathways through the network. In this case the predictions of our simulations can be approximated by a simple analytical model. Bubbles interact with each other because their presence changes the local resistance to flow in individual tubes. As increases, interactions between individual bubbles become important resulting in a wider range of residence times in the porous material. 相似文献