Conjugate natural convection from an array of discrete heat sources: part 2 — a numerical parametric study

Coupled conduction and natural convection transport within a discretely heated cavity have been investigated numerically. One vertical wall of the cavity is composed of discrete, isoflux heat sources mounted in a substrate of finite thermal conductivity. The opposite vertical wall and the horizontal walls are assumed to be isothermal and adiabatic, respectively. The governing steady-state partial differential equations for the fluid and solid region are solved simultaneously using a control volume formulation, coupled with an additive correction multigrid procedure that increases the convergence rate of the solution. The fluid Prandtl number and heater/fluid thermal conductivity ratio are fixed at 25 and 2350, respectively, corresponding to a dielectric fluid (FC-77) and heaters manufactured from silicon. With increasing modified Rayleigh number (10⁴ < Ra_Lz^* < 109), the cavity flow becomes more boundary layer-like along the vertical walls, and multiple fluid cells develop in the central region. Thermal spreading in the substrate increases with decreasing modified Rayleigh number and with increasing values of the substrate/fluid thermal conductivity ratio (10⁻¹ <- R_s ≤ 10³). For large R_s, the discrete heat sources lose their thermal identity, and the streamlines and isotherms resemble those associated with a differentially heated cavity. Thermal spreading in the substrate also has a significant effect on circulation in the cavity and on maximum surface temperatures.     

强激光对铜反射镜的热破坏效应

本文给出了一个激光对光学材料表面热破坏效应的简化物理模型及数值研究结果。所得到的铜反射镜热破坏阈值与激光脉宽的关系与实验和理论符合很好。提出了反射镜后表面外冷却临界厚度的概念,并得到一个关于多脉冲积累效应的幂定标关系。     

过电离等离子体复合升温和绝热膨胀

给出了类H—C离3d5/2-2p3/2跃迁复合机制产生X光激光的电子密度-电子温度增益目标区域，研究了电离转复合处等离子体特征、复合阶段电子密度变化规律及影响电子温度的两个主要因素：作功冷却与复合升温，并给出了这两个因素的近似表达式．     

Multi-phase transformation kinetics of HSLA steels during continuous cooling: experiments and cellular automaton (CA) simulation

ABSTRACT

Kinetics of multiply ferrite/bainite phase transformation of HSLA steels is investigated by experiments and cellular automaton (CA) simulation. Peak-differentiation method to elucidate the sequential ferrite and bainite phase transformation individually, which is verified by the CA simulation. Such CA modelling executed using classic JMAK theory, but also gives an insight of microstructure evolution of the multi-phase transformation routine on different cooling rate. From that, it enables classic JMAK modelling to capture the detached phase transformation with different growth models and interface-migration mechanisms. Also, we find that the final phase constitution is sensitive to the cooling rate. With increasing the cooling rate, bainite sheaves nucleated at prior austenite boundaries and ferrite/austenite interfaces are significantly facilitated, which seriously inhibits the growth of prior ferrites. The scenario can be interpreted by the CA simulation and the influence of the cooling rate on sequential multi-phase transformation can be also obtained.     

喷流冷却复合陶瓷薄片激光器的热特性仿真分析及实验研究

为分析喷流冷却复合陶瓷薄片激光器的热特性,设计用于冷却复合陶瓷薄片的喷流冷却系统.利用湍流换热理论和计算流体动力学仿真方法建立喷流冷却复合陶瓷薄片激光器的流固耦合热仿真模型,定义评价其冷却能力和冷却均匀性的定量参数.根据该仿真模型得到喷流冷却系统的最优设计参数,并进行实验验证.使用163孔喷板,流量为0.2kg/s,入口温度为20℃,在1200 W泵浦时获得359 W激光输出功率,并测得复合陶瓷薄片上表面的最高温度为92℃.激光输出功率与复合陶瓷薄片上表面温度均与泵浦功率呈近似正线性关系,且温度的实验值与仿真值相符度较高.     

固体中反斯托克斯荧光制冷的两种基本机制

研究和论术字激光制冷的两种机制－ＡＳＦＣＳＣ和ＡＳＦＣＥＴ,以及它们的相互关系和应用条件,提出了双机制并行制冷的概念,探讨了双机制并行制冷的可能性。     

吸附式空调的性能研究

1引言近年来固体吸附式制冷或热泵得到了制冷工程研究领域的普遍关注,已有各种吸附式制冷机／热泵被开发研制的报导,其中大多数是活性炭一甲醇、分子筛一水、硅胶一水、氯化钙一氨以及金属氢化物一氢等。其中比较典型的有太阳能热利用的间隙式制冷机［‘］、回热型循环制冷机［‘］和复叠式制冷系统［’］。新的热力循环,如热波型制冷循环l‘］和对流热波型制冷循环问也在不断研究探索之中。对吸附式制冷的研究兴趣主要在于这种制冷方式没有CFCS方面的问题、其价格效用比高、结构简单、与吸收式制冷系统比不需溶液泵或分馏装置,另外它…     

Slow quenching for a one-dimensional kinetic Ising model: Residual energy and domain growth

A one-dimensional kinetic Ising model with Glauber dynamics subjected to a slow continuous quench to zero temperature is studied. For a rather general class of cooling schemes, described by a time-dependent temperatureT(t), the mean domain sizeL(t) is calculated along with the residual energye _res (r) as a function of the cooling rater. If the attempt frequency =₀ exp(–/kT), entering into the transition rates, is temperature dependent (i.e., the barrier is non-zero), the asymptotic growth ofL(t) is given byL()–L(t)~exp[–/kT(t)]. For this case the residual energy exhibits a power-law behaviore _res(r) ~r ^{/2(1 + )} forr small, where =4J/ andJ is the nearest neighbor coupling constant. For =0 and for certain cooling schemes the residual energy is zero andL(t)~t1/2, independent ofr.     

玻色-费米气体量子简并光学偶极阱的设计

实现了将预冷却(温度约为1～2μK)的87 Rb和40 K原子装载到远红失谐的光学偶极力阱中,继而利用逐步降低光强的方法对其进行蒸发冷却,获得了87 Rb原子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC),并用协同冷却的方法得到了40 K原子的量子简并(DFG)。实验上通过光纤传输远红失谐激光束降低了光束指向性的抖动,又利用光强反馈伺服系统抑制远红失谐激光的强度抖动,提高了获得玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚和简并费米气体的重复性和稳定性。实验上得到玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的原子数达8.48×105个,简并费米气体的原子数量约为3.34×106个。     

真空冷却过程中实验条件对真空冷却速率的影响

以熟肉为实验材料,对实验条件对真空冷却速率的影响进行了理论分析和实验研究.实验结果表明:真空室有效容积越小、真空泵抽速越高,则真空冷却时间就会越短;冷阱温度对真空冷却速率有着明显的影响;当真空室内的最终压力在0.4～0.61kPa变化时,熟肉的表面温度一直在0℃以上,其真空冷却的时间随着真空室内压力的升高而增加.而真空室内的最终压力在0.3kPa左右时,熟肉的表面温度在真空冷却过程会低于0℃.