EFFECT OF NOZZLE FAN ANGLE ON SPRAYS IN GAS-SOLID RISER FLOW

A three-dimensional simulation study is performed for investigating the hydrodynamic behaviors of a cross-flow liquid nitrogen spray injected into an air-fluidized catalytic cracking （FCC） riser of rectangular cross-section. Rectangular nozzles with a fixed aspect ratio but different fan angles are used for the spray feeding. While our numerical simulation reveals a generic three-phase flow structure with strong three-phase interactions under rapid vaporization of sprays, this paper tends to focus on the study of the effect of nozzle fan angle on the spray coverage as well as vapor flux distribution by spray vaporization inside the riser flow. The gas-solid （air-FCC） flow is simulated using the multi-fluid method while the evaporating sprays （liquid nitrogen） are calculated using the Lagrangian trajectory method, with a strong two-way coupling between the Eulerian gas-solid flow and the Lagrangian trajectories of spray. Our simulation shows that the spray coverage is basically dominated by the spray fan angle. The spray fan angle has a very minor effect on spray penetration. The spray vaporization flux per unit area of spray coverage is highly non-linearly distributed along the spray penetration. The convection of gas-solid flow in a riser leads to a significant downward deviation of vapor generated by droplet vaporization, causing a strong recirculating wake region in the immediate downstream area of the spray.     

Sonic spray ionization interface for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A sonic spray ionization (SSI) interface for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was optimized for analysis of 2-[(1R)-3-[bis(1-methylethyl)amino]-1-phenylpropyl]-4-methyl-phenol (tolterodine), used as a model drug substance, and the influence of different parameter settings was evaluated using factorial design. A comparison between SSI and electrospray ionization (ESI) was made for tolterodine, tolterodine metabolites, and a set of steroids.SSI was found to give slightly poorer repeatability and broader peaks for tolterodine compared to ESI. However, there was no significant difference in chromatographic peak shape, and the repeatability using SSI was similar to that obtained using ESI if a ratio (area of tolterodine/area of metabolite) was used. In this study, the sensitivity was higher using SSI. For the analysis of pregnanolone, less water loss was obtained using SSI, probably due to less energy being transferred to the analyte upon ionization.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed flames using level-set G-equation

Level-set G-equation and stationary flamelet chemistry are used in large eddy simulation of a propane/air premixed turbulent flame stabilized by a bluff body. The aim was to study the interaction between the flame front and turbulent eddies, and in particular to examine the effect of sub-grid scale (SGS) eddies on the wrinkling of the flame surface. The results indicated that the two types of turbulence eddies—the resolved large scale eddies and the unresolved SGS eddies—have different effects on the flame. The fluctuation of the flame surface, which is responsible for the broadening of the time averaged mean flame brush by turbulence, depends on the large resolved turbulence eddies. Time averaged mean flow velocity, temperature, and major species concentrations mainly depend on the large scale resolved eddies. The unresolved SGS eddies contribute to the wrinkling at the SGS level and play an important role in the enhancement of the propagation speed of the resolved flame front. In addition, the spatially filtered intermediate species, such as radicals, and the spatially filtered reaction rates strongly depend on the small SGS eddies. The asymptotic behavior of flame wrinkling by the SGS eddies, with respect to the decrease in filter size and grid size, is investigated further using a simplified level-set equation in a model shear flow. It is shown that to minimize the influence of the SGS eddies, fine grid and filter size may have to be used.     

限流沿对撞壁射流近壁区混合过程影响的实验研究(一)

本文研究了射流气体撞壁后在放有条形障碍物(以下称之为限流沿)的壁面上的发展过程．实验发现：在限流沿高度合适的情况下，射流气体与限流沿相撞后会脱离壁面形成空间流动。其中，限流沿高度、射流入射角度是决定射流气体撞击限流沿后的发展过程的重要参数，限流沿的存在成功地防止了近壁处的浓混合气层的形成．     

Synthesis and characterization of indium–tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles

Synthesis and characterization of ITO nanoparticles were investigated in the present study. To synthesize the ITO nanoparticles flame spray pyrolysis was introduced. The average particle diameter increased with an increase in the molar concentration of the precursor. Raising the maximum flame temperature by controlling the gas flow rates also led to an increase in the average diameter of the particles. The crystalline ITO nanoparticles were synthesized, and their average primary particle diameters ranged from 11 to 20 nm. ITO thin films were prepared with a sol consisted of the ITO nanoparticles and a polymer binder. Effect of average particle diameter of the ITO nanoparticles on the transparency and the surface resistance of the ITO thin films were measured. As the average particle diameter increased, the transparency and the surface resistance decreased from 92 to 83% and from 1.0 × 10⁴ to 0.8 × 10⁴Ω/□, respectively.     

模糊控制器用于改善涡轮增压柴油机的部分负荷性能

模糊控制已在一类缓变的过程控制中得到成功的应用,本文将它引入到柴油机这一高速系统的性能控制,研究了相应的模糊控制器的设计方法,研制了以微计算机为核心的增压空气泄放控制系统,并在B6135-ZG20涡轮增压柴油机上实现了最大爆发压力的闭环控制。这一研究进一步改善了增压系统的性能,也为模糊控制开辟了一个新的应用领域。     

Material Discrimination in Nanoparticle Hetero-Aggregates by Analysis of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images

Hetero-contacts are interfaces between different materials at the nanoscale leading to novel functional properties. In hetero-aggregates, primary particles of at least two different materials are mixed at primary particle or cluster level. Double flame spray pyrolysis (DFSP) is a versatile technique for the controlled synthesis of such materials. Characterization of hetero-aggregates by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) requires acquisition and evaluation of many aggregate images in order to derive statistically significant results. Usually, STEM energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) is used to acquire elemental maps providing the material distribution of the primary particles within hetero-aggregates. However, the acquisition of a single EDXS map takes up to several minutes. For this reason, determination of material types of primary particles from the intensity in high-angle annular dark field STEM images alone is desirable. These images can be acquired within a couple of seconds. In the present work, a method is suggested which allows for achieving this objective. It can be applied to distinguish materials with a significant difference in their atomic number and hence sufficient material contrast in the STEM images.     

汽油云雾中不同氧气、氮气含量对爆轰温度的影响

本文描述了一种利用多通道高温计测量汽油云雾爆轰瞬态温度的方法,这种方法既适合云雾爆轰辐射充满光纤接收角,又适用辐射部分进入光纤接收角,我们在激波管内,以光纤传输光能,用多通道高温计测量了汽油云雾中氧气、氮气对爆轰温度的影响。研究表明:对于富含汽油的混合物,增加氧含量可使爆轰温度增加;增加氮含量可导致爆轰温度下降,它和利用传感器测量结果吻合。     

Impact of Turbulent Flow and Mean Mixture Fraction Results on Mixing Model Behavior in Transported Scalar PDF Simulations of Turbulent Non-premixed Bluff Body Flames

Numerical simulation results are presented for three turbulent jet diffusion flames, stabilized behind a bluff body (Sydney Flames HM1-3). Interaction between turbulence and combustion is modeled with the transported joint-scalar PDF approach. The focus of the study is on the impact of the quality of simulation results in physical space on the behavior of two micro-mixing models in composition space: the Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree (‘EMST’) model and the modified Curl coalescence dispersion (‘CD’) model. Profiles of conditional means and variances of thermo-chemical quantities, conditioned on the mixture fraction, are discussed in the recirculation region and in the neck zone behind. The impact of the flow and mixing fields in physical space on the mixing model behavior in composition space is strong for the CD model and increases as the turbulence – chemistry interaction becomes stronger. The EMST conditional profiles, on the contrary, are hardly affected.     

气云爆轰的一维模型

激波作用下，悬浮液谪在高温、高压和高速气流中变形、蒸发、剥离甚至破碎。雾化燃料经过一段延迟时间后点火燃烧释放出大量的能量。这些能量由局部爆炸波所携带，通过碰撞传递给引导微波，从而使气云爆轰波自持。文中提出的气云爆轰的一维模型考虑了上述基本过程，并从理论上推导了点火面和ＣＪ面的判据。通过计算，文中讨论了气云爆轰的松弛结构和影响ＣＪ爆速的因素，爆速的计算值与实验值基本相符。