Passivated‐electrode insulator‐based dielectrophoretic separation of heterogeneous cell mixtures

Rapid and accurate purification of various heterogeneous mixtures is a critical step for a multitude of molecular, chemical, and biological applications. Dielectrophoresis has shown to be a promising technique for particle separation due to its exploitation of the intrinsic electrical properties, simple fabrication, and low cost. Here, we present a geometrically novel dielectrophoretic channel design which utilizes an array of localized electric fields to separate a variety of unique particle mixtures into distinct populations. This label‐free device incorporates multiple winding rows with several nonuniform structures on to sidewalls to produce high electric field gradients, enabling high locally generated dielectrophoretic forces. A balance between dielectrophoretic forces and Stokes’ drag is used to effectively isolate each particle population. Mixtures of polystyrene beads (500 nm and 2 μm), breast cancer cells spiked in whole blood, and for the first time, neuron and satellite glial cells were used to study the separation capabilities of the design. We found that our device was able to rapidly separate unique particle populations with over 90% separation yields for each investigated mixture. The unique architecture of the device uses passivated‐electrode insulator‐based dielectrophoresis in an innovative microfluidic device to separate a variety of heterogeneous mixture without particle saturation in the channel.     

Effect of phosphorus concentration on the electronic structure of nanocrystalline electrodeposited Ni–P alloys: an XPS and XAES investigation

A surface analysis has been conducted on a series of electrodeposited nickel‐phosphorus (Ni–P) alloys containing from 6 to 29 at.% phosphorus, using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES). No changes in core‐level binding energies, Ni2p3/2 and Ni2p1/2, P2p, P2s, or X‐ray excited NiLMM and PKLL Auger lines were observed regardless of phosphorus concentration. The only systematic differences observed concerned: (i) the binding energy of the Ni2p satellite peak, (ii) the fine structure of the NiLMM Auger lines, (iii) the percentage of the satellite in the total Ni2p3/2 spectrum and (iv) the valence band density of states in the Ni3d electrons region, all related to the electronic structure of the Ni–P alloys. For the first time, it has been possible to describe and rationalise the influence of (phosphorus) ligand concentration on the electronic structure of nickel‐based alloys, using a screening model proposed in the literature for clarifying the role of substituents on the electronic structure of conductor compounds of nickel. As the phosphorus content increases, the number of non‐bonding Ni3d electrons decreases. Thus the d‐type core‐hole screening is less pronounced and the binding energy of the satellite for the final state with a filled Ni4s shell increases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GNSS clock corrections densification at SHAO: from 5 min to 30 s

High frequency multi-GNSS zero-difference applications like Precise Orbit Determination(POD)for Low Earth Orbiters(LEO)and high frequency kinematic positioning require corresponding high-rate GNSS clock corrections.The determination of the GNSS clocks in the orbit determination process is time consuming,especially in the combined GPS/GLONASS processing.At present,a large number of IGS Analysis Centers(AC)provide clock corrections in 5-min sampling and only a few ACs provide clocks in 30-s sampling for both GPS and GLONASS.In this paper,an efficient epoch-difference GNSS clock determination algorithm is adopted based on the algorithm used by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe(CODE).The clock determination procedure of the GNSS Analysis Center at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory(SHAO)and the algorithm is described in detail.It is shown that the approach greatly speeds up the processing,and the densified 30-s clocks have the same quality as the 5-min clocks estimated based on a zero-difference solution.Comparing the densified 30-s GNSS clocks provided by SHAO with that of IGS and its ACs,results show that our 30-s GNSS clocks are of the same quality as that of IGS.Allan deviation also gives the same conclusion.Further validation of the SHAO 30-s clock product is performed in kinematic PPP and LEO POD.Results indicate that the positions have the same accuracy when using SHAO 30-s GNSS clocks or IGS(and its AC)finals.The robustness of the algorithm and processing approach ensure its extension to provide clocks in 5-s or even higher frequencies.The implementation of the new approach is simple and it could be delivered as a black-box to the current scientific software packages.     

Satellite-station time synchronization information based real-time orbit error monitoring and correction of navigation satellite in Beidou System

Satellite-station two-way time comparison is a typical design in Beidou System(BDS)which is significantly different from other satellite navigation systems.As a type of two-way time comparison method,BDS time synchronization is hardly influenced by satellite orbit error,atmosphere delay,tracking station coordinate error and measurement model error.Meanwhile,single-way time comparison can be realized through the method of Multi-satellite Precision Orbit Determination(MPOD)with pseudo-range and carrier phase of monitor receiver.It is proved in the constellation of 3GEO/2IGSO that the radial orbit error can be reflected in the difference between two-way time comparison and single-way time comparison,and that may lead to a substitute for orbit evaluation by SLR.In this article,the relation between orbit error and difference of two-way and single-way time comparison is illustrated based on the whole constellation of BDS.Considering the all-weather and real-time operation mode of two-way time comparison,the orbit error could be quantifiably monitored in a real-time mode through comparing two-way and single-way time synchronization.In addition,the orbit error can be predicted and corrected in a short time based on its periodic characteristic.It is described in the experiments of GEO and IGSO that the prediction accuracy of space signal can be obviously improved when the prediction orbit error is sent to the users through navigation message,and then the UERE including terminal error can be reduced from 0.1 m to 0.4 m while the average accuracy can be improved more than 27%.Though it is still hard to make accuracy improvement for Precision Orbit Determination(POD)and orbit prediction because of the confined tracking net and the difficulties in dynamic model optimization,in this paper,a practical method for orbit accuracy improvement is proposed based on two-way time comparison which can result in the reflection of orbit error.     

空间尘埃等离子体对量子卫星通信性能的影响

为了研究尘埃等离子体中带电尘埃的粒子半径、粒子浓度和带电荷数对量子通信性能的影响,首先根据Mie散射理论得到单个带电尘埃粒子的光散射截面;然后通过粒子浓度求出总的消光截面,得出链路衰减的数学模型,提出了带电粒子特性与量子纠缠度的关系;针对退极化信道,当单个尘埃粒子所吸附带电粒子的个数为50时,给出了尘埃粒子半径、粒子浓度与信道容量和量子误码率的定量关系.仿真结果表明,当量子信号的传输距离为10km时,尘埃粒子浓度从1×10~(10) m~(-3)增加到10×10~(10) m~(-3),信道容量从0.6726降低到0.1075;尘埃粒子半径从0.1μm增加到10μm时,量子误码率由1.334×10~(-3)增加到5.309×10~(-3).由此可见,尘埃等离子体中带电尘埃粒子的半径和浓度对量子卫星通信性能有显著的影响.因此,为确保量子通信的可靠性,应根据所探测到的等离子体环境的状况,调整卫星通信系统的各项指标参数.     

人造卫星运行轨道的实时仿真技术

人造卫星在星空背景下运行的实时仿真技术中,建模和实时性是仿真的基础,试验表明,利用Creator 2.6建立二体轨道下的卫星运行模型,计算出卫星运行时的空间位置和运动姿态,结合Vega Prime来实现人造卫星运动轨道的空间动态三维场景实时仿真,可以有效的实现卫星在星空背景运动中的实时性,并为其他技术领域中的实物或半实物实时仿真技术提供了可行性的参考方法.     

High energy universe — Satellite missions

A variety of satellite missions to observe the high energy universe are currently operating and some more with more versatility and capability are on the anvil. In this paper, after giving a brief introduction to the constituents of the high energy universe and the related plasma physical problems, general as well as specific features of the current and future x-ray and gamma-ray satellite missions are described.     

从太空探测万里长城

2004年5月11日，欧空局网站发布了题为“从太空看长城”的公告，引起广泛关注和热烈争论．争论焦点涉及如何正确认识人眼视觉原理，如何准确理解卫星遥感应用潜力等问题．文章从人眼结构、产生光觉、视觉和形觉的基本条件以及眼睛分辨率等基本概念入手，判定肉眼从太空不可能看到长城．同时通过理论分析与实验，揭示了空间分辨率达到米级的SPOT-5全色图像能够清楚地展现北京密云水库北面的各段野长城．在分辨率为10m和20m的多光谱图像上，无法辨别出长城．而在全色(2．5m，5m)与多光谱进行融合处理的图像上，各段野长城及其周围背景都能十分清晰地显示出来。     

电离层与电波通信

介绍了等离子体电波传播折影响，阐述了电磁波在等离子体中的截止现象，这就是电离层作为地面上短波无线电通信的反射层的原理，同时指出了截止频率与短波最大通信频率的差别及其相互间的关系。     

电磁监测试验卫星离子漂移计探测技术

依据电磁监测试验卫星的任务要求,自主研发了等离子体分析仪,用于探测电离层等离子体的离子密度、温度、成分、漂移速度和密度的涨落.等离子体分析仪由阻滞势分析器、离子漂移计和离子捕获计组成,其中离子漂移计用于探测离子垂直轨道方向的漂移速度.通过分析电离层等离子体的离子漂移速度特性,确定仪器的性能指标.离子漂移计传感器采用多层栅网压紧结构,栅网材料选用铍铜,各层栅网之间采用聚酰亚胺绝缘.依据技术指标,详细设计了离子漂移计传感器的窗口尺寸、传感器几何高度和收集极半径.在电子学电路设计时通过前放电路三个可调量程的设计,保证了电路测量范围和精度,并通过实验进行验证.在此基础上,借助意大利国家天体物理研究院行星际物理研究所的地面等离子体环境,完成了离子漂移计的等离子体环境测试.测试结果表明,离子漂移计垂直轨道方向漂移速度测量结果的变化趋势与转台设定值变化趋势一致,且测试精度指标满足设计要求,能够满足电磁监测试验卫星的任务需求.