铝粉尘激波点火的实验研究

介绍了用铝粉氧化反应所生成的中间产物的特征光谱来测量铝粉尘受激波点火延迟的新的测量方法．测量了三种不同形状和粒度的铝粉尘激波点火延迟。由实验证实，当环境温度在Ａｌ２Ｏ３的熔点左右时，铝粒都可以被点火；由于机制的不同，点火延迟相差很大；点火延迟与铝粉颗粒的比表面积和活性铝的含量有关，而与环境的氧含量基本无关；但当氧含量小于１％时，铝粉尘不能被点火。     

基于~(252)Cf源驱动噪声分析法的高浓缩铀部件外加反射层效应

针对高浓缩铀部件外加的反射层材质及厚度之效应可以巧妙避开核查这一问题,依据~(252)Cf中子源驱动噪声分析法原理,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟研究了高浓缩球形金属铀部件的不同材料、厚度的反射层的效应,获得了相应的时间关联符合计数分布和中子产额。研究结果表明,对同一材料的反射层,反射层厚度愈大,中子产额愈大,即反射效果愈好。对于同一厚度的反射层,反射层材料的密度愈大,中子产额愈大,反射敷果愈好。     

Calculation of prompt fission neutron spectrum for 233U（n,f） reaction by the semi-empirical method

The prompt fission neutron spectra for the neutron-induced fission of 233U for low energy neutrons （below 6 MeV） are calculated using nuclear evaporation theory with a semi-empirical method, in which the partition of the total excitation energy between the fission fragments for the nth＋233U fission reactions is determined by the available experimental and evaluation data. The calculated prompt fission neutron spectra agree well with the experimental data. The proportions of high-energy neutrons of prompt fission neutron spectrum versus incident neutron energies are investigated with the theoretical spectra, and the results are consistent with the systematics. The semi-empirical method could be a useful tool for the prompt evaluation of fission neutron spectra.     

Unfolding the fast neutron spectra of a BC501A liquid scintillation detector using GRAVEL method

Accurate knowledge of the neutron energy spectra is useful in basic research and applications. The overall procedure of measuring and unfolding the fast neutron energy spectra with BC501A liquid scintillation detector is described. The recoil proton spectrum of 241Am-Be neutrons was obtained experimentally. With the NRESP7 code, the response matrix of detector was simulated. Combining the recoil proton spectrum and response matrix, the unfolding of neutron spectra was performed by GRAVEL iterative algorithm. A MatLab program based on the GRAVEL method was developed. The continuous neutron spectrum of ²⁴¹Am-Be source and monoenergetic neutron spectrum of D-T source have been unfolded successfully and are in good agreement with their standard reference spectra. The unfolded ²⁴¹Am-Be spectrum are more accurate than the spectra unfolded by artificial neural networks in recent years.     

Recent progress on polymer dynamics by neutron scattering: From simple polymers to complex materials

The recent (from 2010 onward) contributions of quasielastic neutron scattering techniques (time of flight, backscattering, and neutron spin echo) to the characterization and understanding of dynamical processes in soft materials based on polymers are analyzed. The selectivity provided by the combination of neutron scattering and isotopic—in particular, proton/deuterium—labeling allows the isolated study of chosen molecular groups and/or components in a system. This opportunity, together with the capability of neutrons to provide space/time resolution at the relevant length scales in soft matter, allows unraveling the nature of the large variety of molecular motions taking place in materials of increasing complexity. As a result, recent relevant works can be found dealing with dynamical process which associated characteristic lengths and nature are as diverse as, for example, phenyl motions in a glassy linear homopolymer like polystyrene and the chain dynamics of a polymer adsorbed on dispersed clay platelets. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013     

Structures of Uncharacterised Polymorphs of Gallium Oxide from Total Neutron Diffraction

A structural investigation is reported of polymorphs of Ga₂O₃ that, despite much interest in their properties, have hitherto remained uncharacterised due to structural disorder. The most crystalline sample yet reported of γ‐Ga₂O₃ was prepared by solvothermal oxidation of gallium metal in ethanolamine. Structure refinement using the Rietveld method reveals γ‐Ga₂O₃ has a defect Fd$\bar 3$ m spinel structure, while pair distribution function analysis shows that the short‐range structure is better modelled with local F$\bar 4$ 3m symmetry. In further solvothermal oxidation reactions a novel gallium oxyhydroxide, Ga₅O₇(OH), is formed, the thermal decomposition of which reveals a new, transient gallium oxide polymorph, κ‐Ga₂O₃, before transformation into β‐Ga₂O_3. In contrast, the thermal decomposition of Ga(NO₃)₃?9 H₂O first forms ε‐Ga₂O₃ and then β‐Ga₂O₃. Examination of in situ thermodiffraction data shows that ε‐Ga₂O₃ is always contaminated with β‐Ga₂O₃ and with this knowledge a model for its structure was deduced and refined—space group P6₃mc with a ratio of tetrahedral/octahedral gallium of 2.2:1 in close‐packed oxide layers. Importantly, thermodiffraction provides no evidence for the existence of the speculated bixbyite structured δ‐Ga₂O₃; at the early stages of thermal decomposition of Ga(NO₃)₃?9 H₂O the first distinct phase formed is merely small particles of ε‐Ga₂O₃.     

Single‐Step Sulfo‐Selenization Method to Synthesize Cu2ZnSn(SySe1−y)4 Absorbers from Metallic Stack Precursors

Pentenary Cu₂ZnSn(S_ySe_1?y)₄ (kesterite) photovoltaic absorbers are synthesized by a one‐step annealing process from copper‐poor and zinc‐rich precursor metallic stacks prepared by direct‐current magnetron sputtering deposition. Depending on the chalcogen source—mixtures of sulfur and selenium powders, or selenium disulfide—as well as the annealing temperature and pressure, this simple methodology permits the tuning of the absorber composition from sulfur‐rich to selenium‐rich in one single annealing process. The impact of the thermal treatment variables on chalcogenide incorporation is investigated. The effect of the S/(S+Se) compositional ratio on the structural and morphological properties of the as‐grown films, and the optoelectronic parameters of solar cells fabricated using these absorber films is studied. Using this single‐step sulfo‐selenization method, pentenary kesterite‐based devices with conversion efficiencies up to 4.4 % are obtained.     

Investigation of Steric Influences on Hydrogen‐Bonding Motifs in Cyclic Ureas by Using X‐Ray,Neutron, and Computational Methods

A series of urea‐derived heterocycles, 5N‐substituted hexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐ones, has been prepared and their structures have been determined for the first time. This family of compounds only differ in their substituent at the 5‐position (which is derived from the corresponding primary amine), that is, methyl ( 1 ), ethyl ( 2 ), isopropyl ( 3 ), tert‐butyl ( 4 ), benzyl ( 5 ), N,N‐(diethyl)ethylamine ( 6 ), and 2‐hydroxyethyl ( 7 ). The common heterocyclic core of these molecules is a cyclic urea, which has the potential to form a hydrogen‐bonding tape motif that consists of self‐associative (8) dimers. The results from X‐ray crystallography and, where possible, Laue neutron crystallography show that the hydrogen‐bonding motifs that are observed and the planarity of the hydrogen bonds appear to depend on the steric hindrance at the α‐carbon atom of the N substituent. With the less‐hindered substituents, methyl and ethyl, the anticipated tape motif is observed. When additional methyl groups are added onto the α‐carbon atom, as in the isopropyl and tert‐butyl derivatives, a different 2D hydrogen‐bonding motif is observed. Despite the bulkiness of the substituents, the benzyl and N,N‐(diethyl)ethylamine derivatives have methylene units at the α‐carbon atom and, therefore, display the tape motif. The introduction of a competing hydrogen‐bond donor/acceptor in the 2‐hydroxyethyl derivative disrupts the tape motif, with a hydroxy group interrupting the N? H???O?C interactions. The geometry around the hydrogen‐bearing nitrogen atoms, whether planar or non‐planar, has been confirmed for compounds 2 and 5 by using Laue neutron diffraction and rationalized by using computational methods, thus demonstrating that distortion of O‐C‐N‐H torsion angles occurs to maintain almost‐linear hydrogen‐bonding interactions.