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991.
The electrokinetic instability (EKI) phenomenon occurs when microfluidic flows with an electrical conductivity gradient are
driven by a high-intensity external electrical field. Although EKI limits the robust performance of complex electrokinetic
bioanalytical systems, it can be actively exploited to achieve the rapid mixing of micro- and nanoliter volume solutions in
microscale devices. This paper investigates the EKI phenomenon in a double T-shaped microchannel, in which two aqueous electrolyte
solutions with a 3.5:1 conductivity ratio are driven electrokinetically into the mixing channel via the application of a DC
electrical field. A stratified flow condition is formed when the intensity of the applied DC electrical field is below a certain
threshold value. However, as the intensity is increased, a series of flow circulations forms at the interfaces of neighboring
solutions flows, and then propagates in the downstream direction when the intensity of the electrical field is increased beyond
a certain critical threshold value. Electrical field intensity perturbations aligned in the direction of the conductivity
gradient are then added to the DC electrical field at the upper inlet of the double T-shaped microchannel near the main mixing
channel. It is found that these perturbations can stir the microfluidic instability and the induced flow instability conditions
can enhance the mixing efficiency.
Support by the National Science Council of Taiwan (Grant Nos. NSC 96-2221-E- 167-031-MY2, NSC 96-2622-E-167-006-CC3, and NSC97-3114-E-167-001) 相似文献
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由于尺寸效应和晶界效应的影响,纳米薄膜在导电和导热方面呈现出与体材料不同的性质.本文实验研究了不同厚度(20~54 nm)金薄膜在不同温度(100~340 K)的导电、导热性质.测量结果显示,薄膜的电导率和热导率比体材料小,洛伦兹数比体材料大,Wiedemann-Franz定律不再成立.随着厚度增加,薄膜的电导率,热导率和电阻温度系数都增加.薄膜热导率随温度变化趋势与体材料相反,随着温度升高而升高.电导率随温度变化趋势与体材料相同,随着温度升高而降低;但薄膜没有体材料对温度变化敏感,导致电阻温度系数下降. 相似文献
995.
The influence of Cu concentration on the transport and microstructure characteristics of CuyZn1−yCr0.8Fe1.2O4 with 0.2≤y≤1 ferrite was studied. X-ray, energy dispersive X- ray (EDAX) and infrared spectra (IR) were carried out to assure the formation of the sample in the proper form. The dielectric constant (ε′) and ac conductivity were measured at different frequencies ranging from 600 kHz to 5 MHz from room temperature up to 800 K. The obtained data reveals that, a single phase cubic spinel structure for all the concentrations. From the results of IR spectra, mainly two bands were observed. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss tangent decrease with increasing frequency and Cu concentration. The dielectric constant shows a dispersion peak (ε′max) which shifts to higher frequency with increasing the temperature. The results are explained as due to the fact that the dielectric polarization process is similar to that of conduction. The appearance of the dispersion peak is related to the contribution of two types of charge carriers. 相似文献
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Marino Lavorgna Marianne Gilbert Leno Mascia Giuseppe Mensitieri Giuseppe Scherillo Giorgio Ercolano 《Journal of membrane science》2009,330(1-2):214-226
Polysiloxane-modified hybrid Nafion membranes were prepared by casting a mixture of Nafion solution and a precursor of acid functionalised polysiloxane based on tetraethoxysilane and a mercaptan-organoalkoxysilane.Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy analysis revealed that the functionalised polysiloxane was dispersed either as finely nanosized inclusions or as coarse domains depending on the rate of the solvent evaporation during the casting procedure. In particular the slower is the rate of solvent evaporation the more interpenetrated and homogenously dispersed at nanosized level is the polysiloxane inside the Nafion membrane.The hybridization process increases the thermal stability of the membranes of about 50 °C relatively to the unmodified Nafion. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis reveals that the hybrid membranes exhibited the typical morphology of Nafion consisting of distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains.Water vapor sorption and proton conductivity were measured varying the temperature (up to 120 °C) and the water activity conditions (from 0.1 to 0.8). The polysiloxane network always increases the water vapor uptake of the membranes and increases significantly the proton conductivity at higher temperature depending on the type of morphology developed by the manufacturing method. In particular hybrid membranes exhibiting nanosized polysiloxane dispersion show a proton conductivity which is up to one-and-half time higher than Nafion recast membrane at high temperature and low water content. 相似文献
1000.
Serpil Ylmaztürk Hüseyin Deligz Mesut Ylmazolu Hakan Damyan Faruk
ksüzmer S. Naci Ko Ali Durmu M. Ali Gürkaynak 《Journal of membrane science》2009,343(1-2):137-146
A series of highly proton conductive electrolyte membranes with improved methanol barrier properties are prepared from polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) including salt by Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method. The effects of added salt type (NaCl, MgCl2) and salt concentration (1.0 M, 0.1 M) on proton conductivity (σ) and methanol barrier properties of the LbL self-assembled composite membranes are discussed in terms of controlled layer thickness and charge density. Furthermore, the influences of ion type in the multilayered composite membranes are studied in conjunction with physicochemical and thermal properties.The deposition of the self-assembly of PAH/PSS film on Nafion is followed by UV–Vis spectroscopy and it is observed that the polyelectrolyte layers growth on both sides of Nafion membrane regularly. (PAH/PSS)5–Na+ and (PAH/PSS)5–H+ with 1.0 M NaCl exhibits 49.6 and 27.8% reduction in lower methanol permittivity in comparison with the pristine Nafion®117, respectively, while the proton conductivities are 12.97 and 74.69 mS cm−1. Promisingly, it is found that the membrane selectivity values (Φ) of all multilayered membranes in H+ form are much higher than that of salt form (Na+ and Mg2+) and perfluorosulfonated ionomers reported in the literature. Also, we find out that the use of polyelectrolytes with high charge density causes a further improvement in proton conductivity and methanol barrier properties simultaneously. These encouraging results indicate that upon a suitable choice of LbL deposition conditions, composite membranes exhibiting both high proton conductivity and improved methanol barrier properties can be tailored for fuel cells. 相似文献