L-阿拉伯糖指纹区太赫兹光谱和拉曼光谱的研究

为了解生物体内L-阿拉伯糖在代谢过程中的合成与降解机制,采用太赫兹和拉曼光谱系统,对其指纹区的振动进行检测。结果表明,L-阿拉伯糖太赫兹图谱在频率49.5和72.2 cm-1分别检测出了振动吸收,其中72.2 cm-1的振动为首次检出。该振动频率与其折射率图谱反常色散的频率基本一致,故这两个振动吸收可以作为L-阿拉伯糖的特征吸收。最为重要的是,在该频域内,检测得到图谱的波型与三种异构体理论值简单叠加后波型极为相似,故可以初步判定样品含有三种构象异构体(α-型、β-型和l-型结构),非单一组分,而是混合组分;对于拉曼图谱而言,其特点简洁而明晰,一般将指纹区的振动,从高到低分为四个区域：吡喃环结构的伸缩振动、亚甲基的摇摆振动、环上羟基的扭曲振动及环骨架扭曲和畸变振动。同时也根据密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-311G**基组,分别对L-阿拉伯糖的三种构象异构体的振动进行模拟计算,利用势能分布对这些振动进行归属和指认。与理论值相比,振动频率检测值有不同程度的红移,即振动频率向低频发生了偏移,其原因是样品内不同分子间相互影响所致。     

Correlated motion of electrons in the He atom irradiated with coherent light

Correlated motion of electrons in the He atom irradiated with linearly polarised light is discussed. Mixing of the 2pz orbital into the 1s orbital is interpreted as motion of an electron along the z-axis. The transitions to the configurations (1s)(2pz) and (2pz)(2pz) from (1s)(1s) are described by using 1s–2pz hybridised orbitals with variable coefficients of hybridisation, in other words, by using the Thouless parameters. The quasi-eigenstates of the atom in stationary light are obtained on the basis of the Floquet formalism, and the behaviour of the Thouless parameters is analysed. Trajectories of time evolution of the Thouless parameters are found to be useful to grasp the motion of electrons. Shapes of the trajectories are classified into four modes: (1) two electrons try to stay away from each other due to Coulomb repulsion, (2) one of the electrons is solely driven to run, (3) two electrons are driven to travel together and (4) two electrons run anti-parallel with each other. The conditions of intensity and frequency of light causing these four modes are clarified and summarised in a kind of phase diagram.     

Vibrational control of molecular electron transfer reactions

ABSTRACT

Vibrational motions promote molecular electron transfer (ET) reactions by bringing electron donor and electron acceptor electronic states to fleeting resonance, and by modulating the donor-to-acceptor electronic coupling. The main experimental signature of molecular motion effects on the ET rate is the temperature dependence of the rate, which gives information about the overall free energy activation barrier for the ET reaction. Another approach to probing the vibrational control of ET reactions is to excite specific electron-transfer-active vibrational motions by external infrared (IR) fields. This type of experimental probe is potentially more specific than thermal excitation and recent experiments have shown that molecular ET rates can be perturbed by mode-specific IR driving. We review the theory and experiments of vibrational control of ET rates, and discuss future challenges that need to be tackled in order to achieve the mode-specific tuning of rates.     

Relaxation processes of water confined to AlMCM-41 molecular sieves. Influence of the hydroxyl groups of the pore surface

A series of AlMCM-41 molecular sieves was prepared with constant composition (Si/Al = 14.7) and presumably same pore structure but different pore diameters (from 2.3 to 4.6 nm). The pore size distribution is narrow for each sample. The rotational fluctuations of water molecules confined inside the pores were investigated applying broadband dielectric spectroscopy (10⁻²–10⁷ Hz) over a large temperature interval (213–333K). A relaxation process, slower than that expected for bulk water, was observed which is assigned to water molecules forming a surface layer on the pore walls. The estimated relaxation time has an unusual non-monotonic temperature dependence, which is rationalized and modeled assuming two competing processes: rotational fluctuations of constrained water molecules and defect formation (Ryabov model). This paper focuses on the defects and notably the influence of the hydroxyl groups of the pore walls. The Ryabov model is fitted to the data and characteristic parameters are obtained. Their dependence on pore diameter is considered for the first time. The found results are compared with those obtained for other types of molecular sieves and related materials.     

Nanoplasma dynamics in Xe clusters driven by ultraintense laser fields

We present a theoretical and computational study of the properties and the response of the nanoplasma and of outer ionization in Xe_n clusters (n = 55–2171, initial cluster radius R₀ = 8.7–31.0 ?) driven by ultraintense near-infrared laser fields (peak intensity I_M = 10¹⁵–10²⁰ Wcm^-2, temporal pulse length τ= 10–100 fs, and frequency ν= 0.35 fs^-1). The positively charged high-energy nanoplasma produced by inner ionization nearly follows the oscillations of the fs laser pulse and can either be persistent (at lower intensities of I_M = 10¹⁵–10¹⁶ Wcm^-2 and/or for larger cluster sizes, where the electron energy distribution is nearly thermal) or transient (at higher intensities of I_M = 10¹⁸–10²⁰ Wcm^-2 and/or for smaller cluster sizes). The nanoplasma is depleted by outer ionization that was semiquantitatively described by the cluster barrier suppression electrostatic model, which accounts for the cluster size, laser intensity and pulse length dependence of the outer ionization yield. The electrostatic model was further utilized for estimates of the laser intensity and pulse width dependence of the border radius R₀ ^(I) for the attainment of complete outer ionization at , while at R₀ > R₀ ^(I) a persistent nanoplasma prevails. R₀ ^(I) establishes an interrelationship between electron dynamics and nuclear Coulomb explosion dynamics in ultraintense laser-cluster interactions.     

Plasmons in asymmetric double quantum well structures

We investigate the effects of spatial asymmetry, tunneling coupling, and exchange-correlation correction on the plasmon modes in asymmetric double quantum well (DQW) structures in a time-dependent local-density approximation. Special attention is paid to the properties of the ω _- mode which is always damped in symmetric DQW systems. In addition, the results on the spectral weight of the excitations are also presented. In general, all the modes carry finite spectral weights and should be observable in resonant inelastic light scattering experiments for the specified values of the parameters. Received 2 July 2002 Published online 19 December 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: c412-1@aphy.iphy.ac.cn     

Images of an incoherent annulus in the presence of transverse sinusoidal vibrations

The diffraction image of an incoherent bright annular test object is obtained by using Fourier transform method. The effect of transverse sinusoidal vibrations has been studied and results are given in graphical form for various sizes of the object. It is observed that in certain cases the presence of vibrations completely distorts the object. Hence a detailed analysis of image intensity distribution should prove useful in aerial reconnaissance work and performance evaluation tests.     

The properties of free polymer surfaces and their influence on the glass transition temperature of thin polystyrene films

We present a detailed study of free polymer surfaces and their effects on the measured glass transition temperature (T_g) of thin polystyrene (PS) films. Direct measurements of the near-surface properties of PS films are made by monitoring the embedding of 10 and 20 nm diameter gold spheres into the surface of spin-cast PS films. At a temperature T = 378K( > T_g), the embedding of the spheres is driven by geometrical considerations arising from the wetting of the gold spheres by the PS. At temperatures below T_g ( 363K < T < 370K), both sets of spheres embed 3-4 nm into the PS films and stop. These studies suggest that a liquid-like surface layer exists in glassy PS films and also provide an estimate for the lower bound of the thickness of this layer of 3-4 nm. This qualitative idea is supported by a series of calculations based upon a previously developed theoretical model for the indentation of nanoscale spheres into linear viscoelastic materials. Comparing data with simulations shows that this surface layer has properties similar to those of a bulk sample of PS having a temperature of 374 K. Ellipsometric measurements of the T_g are also performed on thin spin-cast PS films with thicknesses in the range 8nm < h < 290nm. Measurements are performed on thin PS films that have been capped by thermally evaporating 5 nm thick metal (Au and Al) capping layers on top of the polymer. The measured T_g values (as well as polymer metal interface structure) in such samples depend on the metal used as the capping layer, and cast doubt on the general validity of using evaporative deposition to cover the free surface. We also prepared films that were capped by a new non-evaporative procedure. These films were shown to have a T_g that is the same as that of bulk PS (370±1 K) for all film thicknesses measured (> 7 nm). The subsequent removal of the metal layer from these films was shown to restore a thickness-dependent T_g in these samples that was essentially the same as that observed for uncapped PS films. An estimate of the thickness of the liquid-like surface layer was also extracted from the ellipsometry measurements and was found to be 5±1 nm. The combined ellipsometry and embedding studies provide strong evidence for the existence of a liquid-like surface layer in thin glassy PS films. They show that the presence of the free surface is an important parameter in determining the existence of T_g reductions in thin PS films.     

Complex Parametric Vibrations of Flexible Rectangular Plates

In this paper we consider parametric oscillations of flexible plates within the model of von Kármán equations. First we propose the general iterational method to find solutions to even more general problem governed by the von Kármán–Vlasov–Mushtari equations. In the language of physics the found solutions define stress–strain state of flexible shallow shell with a bounded convex space R ² and with sufficiently smooth boundary . The new variational formulation of the problem has been proposed and his validity and application has been discussed using precise mathematical treatment. Then, using the earlier introduced theoretical results, an effective algorithm has been applied to convert problem of finding solutions to hybrid type partial differential equations of von Kármán form to that of the ordinary differential (ODEs) and algebraic (AEs) equations. Mechanisms of transition to chaos of deterministic systems with infinite number of degrees of freedom are presented. Comparison of mechanisms of transition to chaos with known ones is performed. The following cases of longitudinal loads of different sign are investigated: parametric load acting along X direction only, and parametric load acting in both directions X and Y with the same amplitude and frequency.