睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的生物力学研究进展

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是一种在睡眠时反复出现咽部塌陷,引起呼吸暂停的疾病.随着该病发病率的上升及人们对生活质量及健康水平要求的提高,该疾病已经引起越来越多各学科研究人员的重视.该文简要介绍了睡眠呼吸暂停的定义、危害及诊断标准;然后从神经调控机制和生理解剖结构因素两个大的方面,介绍了诱发睡眠呼吸暂停的各种因素; 接着结合医学背景知识,从力学角度提出了引起上气道塌陷和阻止塌陷的控制机制;最后介绍了睡眠呼吸暂停生物力学研究的两种典型模型,即分布参数模型和集中参数模型,并对模型的特点及需要改进之处进行了分析和讨论.      

Direct detonation initiation with thermal deposition due to pore collapse in energetic materials – towards the coupling between micro- and macroscale

In this work we investigate the initiation of detonations in energetic materials through thermal power deposition due to pore collapse. We solve the reactive Euler equations, with the energy equation augmented by a power deposition term. The deposition term is partially based on previous results of simulations of pore collapse at the microscale, modelled at the macroscale as hotspots. It is found that a critical size of the hotspots exists. If the hotspots exceed the critical size, direct initiation of detonation can be achieved even with a low power input, in contrast to the common assumption that a sufficient power is necessary to initiate detonation. We show that sufficient power is necessary only when the size of the hotspots is below the critical size. In this scenario, the so-called ‘explosion in the explosion’, the initial ignition does not lead to a detonation directly, but detonation occurs later as a result of shock-to-detonation transition in the region processed by the shock wave generated by the initial ignition.     

Density-based kinetics for mesoscale simulations of detonation initiation in energetic materials

In this work we present one- and two-dimensional mesoscale simulations of detonation initiation in energetic materials. We solve the reactive Euler equations, with the energy equation augmented by a power deposition term. The reaction rate at the mesoscale is modelled using a density-based kinetics scheme, adapted from standard ‘Ignition and Growth’ models. The deposition term is based on previous results of simulations of void collapse at the microscale, modelled at the mesoscale as hot spots. For an isolated hot spot in a homogeneous medium, it is found that a critical size of the hot spots exists. If the hot spots exceed the critical size, initiation of detonation can be achieved. For sub-critical hot-spot sizes, we show that it takes a collection of hot spots to achieve detonation. We also carry out two-dimensional mesoscale simulations of random packs of HMX crystals in a binder, and show that the transition between no detonation and detonation depends on the number density of the hot spots, the initial radius of the hot spot, the post-shock pressure of an imposed shock, and the amplitude of the power deposition term.     

正弯矩和拉力共同作用下刚性组合节点承载力计算方法

框架结构中某柱发生失效会造成梁跨度增加,进而导致梁的内力增大、跨中挠度变大,作用在失效柱上方节点的荷载组合也由负弯矩转变为同时存在的拉力和正弯矩．针对此工况,本文对在正弯矩和拉力作用下的刚性钢-混凝土组合节点进行内力分析,采用内力平衡法推导了拉弯承载力公式,并与相应的组合梁及钢梁的公式进行对比．同时利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立组合节点的有限元分析模型,得到不同参数下钢-混凝土组合节点的拉弯相关曲线,并与本文所提出的公式的计算结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好,为刚性组合节点在拉力和正弯矩共同作用下的拉弯受力设计提供了一定的参考依据．     

A polymerization-depolymerization model for generation of contractile force during bacterial cell division

We have investigated the pressure-induced phase transition of NiO and other structural properties using three-body potential approach. NiO undergoes phase transition from B1 (rocksalt) to B2 (CsCl) structure associated with a sudden collapse in volume showing first-order phase transition. A theoretical study of high pressure phase transition and elastic behaviour in transition metal compounds using a three-body potential caused by the electron shell deformation of the overlapping ion was carried out. The phase transition pressure and other properties predicted by our model is closer to the phase transition pressure predicted by Eto et al.      

随机投入产出模型分析（Ⅱ）

在「１」中我们定义并讨论了齐次随机投入产出模型，本文进一步讨论非齐次随机投入产出模型，得到了类似于确定性投入产出模型的一些结果。     

Sequences of infinite bifurcations and turbulence in a five-mode truncation of the Navier-Stokes equations

Two infinite sequences of orbits leading to turbulence in a five-mode truncation of the Navier-Stokes equations for a 2-dimensional incompressible fluid on a torus are studied in detail. Their compatibility with Feigenbaum's theory of universality in certain infinite sequences of bifurcations is verified and some considerations on their asymptotic behavior are inferred. An analysis of the Poincaré map is performed, showing how the turbulent behavior is approached gradually when, with increasing Reynolds number, no stable fixed point or periodic orbit is present and all the unstable ones become more and more unstable, in close analogy with the Lorenz model.     

Spherically symmetric free fall collapse

The general dynamical equations for spherical gravitational collapse are derived by introducing the eigenvalue of the conformal Weyl tensor in the 2-2 component of the Einstein tensor and assuming the material content of the models to be a perfect fluid. Since this eigenvalue is coupled always with the material energy density, it has been interpreted as theenergy density of the free gravitational field whose presence is related with anisotropy and inhomogeneity. As a particular case, the collapse of a spherically symmetric dust (zero pressure) with vanishing radial acceleration (free fall collapse) is discussed. It is shown that the model is inhomogeneous with non-vanishing shear of the congruence of world lines of the dust particles. The model contains gravitational radiation by Szekere’s criterion since both shear invariant and the spatial gradient of density are non-vanishing. This is in contrast to the Oppenheimer-Synder model for which both the above mentioned characteristics are absent. A particular solution which is anisotropic and inhomogeneous has been given to prove the emission of gravitational radiation by the freely falling dust and in this case the energy density of the free gravitational field contains a typeN term superposed on the coulombian field.     

Singularities in Gravitational Collapse with Radial Pressure

We analyze spherical dust collapse with non-vanishing radial pressure, II, and vanishing tangential stresses. Considering a barotropic equation of state, II = , we obtain an analytical solution in closed form—which is exact for = –1, 0, and approximate otherwise—near the center of symmetry (where the curvature singularity forms). We study the formation, visibility, and curvature strength of singularities in the resulting spacetime. We find that visible, Tipler strong singularities can develop from generic initial data. Radial pressure alters the spectrum of possible endstates for collapse, increasing the parameter space region that contains no visible singularities, but cannot by itself prevent the formation of visible singularities for sufficiently low values of the energy density. Known results from pressureless dust are recovered in the = 0 limit.     

Bifurcations and Stability Boundary of a Power System

A single-axis flux decay model including an excitation control model proposed in [12,14,16] isstudied.As the bifurcation parameter P_m (input power to the generator) varies,the system exhibits dynamicsemerging from static and dynamic bifurcations which link with system collapse.We show that the equilibriumpoint of the system undergoes three bifurcations:one saddle-node bifurcation and two Hopf bifurcations.Thestate variables dominating system collapse are different for different critical points,and the excitative controlmay play an important role in delaying system from collapsing.Simulations are presented to illustrate thedynamical behavior associated with the power system stability and collapse.Moreover,by computing the localquadratic approximation of the 5-dimensional stable manifold at an order 5 saddle point,an analytical expressionfor the approximate stability boundary is worked out.