Jacobi fields and linear connections for arbitrary second-order ODEs

We discuss generalisations of Jacobi fields and Raychaudhuri’s equation from the geodesic case to that of an arbitrary system of second-order ODEs. Our results are obtained using a natural choice of linear connection on evolution space.     

Rheology of particulate rafts,films, and foams

Liquid foam exhibits remarkable rheological behavior although it is made with simple fluids: it behaves similar to a solid at low shear stress but flows similar to a liquid above a critical shear stress. Such properties, which have been proved to be useful for many applications, are even enhanced by adding solid particles. Depending on their hydrophobicity and size, the particles can have different geometrical configurations at the mesoscopic scale, that is, at the air–liquid interfaces, in the films, or in the interstices between the bubbles. In this review, we present rheological studies performed on granular rafts and films, on spherical armored interfaces, on gas marbles, and on aqueous foams laden with hydrophilic grains.     

High temperature characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

Direct current (DC) and pulsed measurements are performed to determine the degradation mechanisms of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) under high temperature. The degradation of the DC characteristics is mainly attributed to the reduction in the density and the mobility of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The pulsed measurements indicate that the trap assisted tunneling is the dominant gate leakage mechanism in the temperature range of interest. The traps in the barrier layer become active as the temperature increases, which is conducive to the electron tunneling between the gate and the channel. The enhancement of the tunneling results in the weakening of the current collapse effects, as the electrons trapped by the barrier traps can escape more easily at the higher temperature.     

聚丙烯短微纤维增强水泥冲击特性研究

基于唐志平等提出的剪切波跟踪技术(SWT),对聚丙烯短微纤维增强水泥(FCEM)和素水泥(CEM)进行了冲击速度76～506m/s、倾斜角为10的斜撞击试验。研究结果表明,两种材料的Hugoniot冲击绝热线均有四个明显的临界点A、B、C、D,分别对应材料的Hugoniot弹性限、剪切卸载波(S-)消失、孔洞崩塌点和颗粒材料的再压缩点。其中临界点B,在过去的研究工作中尚未被揭示,只有采用剪切波跟踪技术对S-波进行跟踪测量,才能最终确定。对剪切强度的分析结果表明,采用剪切波,尤其是卸载剪切波来探测脆性材料内部动态损伤非常有效。     

Analytical solutions in elasto-plastic bending of beams with rectangular cross section

Deflection analysis of beams with rectangular cross section is considered under specific loading conditions, resulting in at most quadratic bending moment distribution, and assuming elasto-plastic behaviour with no hardening. Within the framework of small strain and small displacement approach analytical solutions are derived, which enable elasto-plastic analyses of beams to be performed in a closed analytical form. In consequence, clear tracing of the elasto-plastic response evolution with a propagation of the plastic zone through the volume, i.e. its spreading along the beam’s longitudinal axis as well as its penetration through the cross section, is enabled as loads increase, from the appearance of a first plastic yielding in a structure till its collapse. With the derivation of the general solution, listed explicitly by Eqs. (21), (22) and (23), which was never presented in any article or book before, the presented article fills the gap in the analytical non-linear mechanics of beams.     

A novel hybrid solid-like fluid-like (SLFL) method for the simulation of dry granular flows

This paper proposes a novel hybrid method to simulate the dry granular flow of materials over a wide range of inertial numbers that simultaneously covers the quasi-static and dense granular flow regimes. To overcome the lack of incremental objectivity whenever large deformations occur in solid-like regimes and to remove computational singularities in fluid-like regimes close to rest, the elastic–perfectly plastic theory based on the Drucker–Prager yield criterion is combined with the theory of dense granular flows. By implementing some new modifications at the boundaries and removing all ghost particles, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is used as the framework for the method. A number of benchmark problems have been solved to show the capabilities of the new modified SPH method. Precise prediction of both location and pressure makes the modifications comparable with the previous works on SPH. Finally, the method is used to solve the classic 2D dry granular cliff collapse problem and to model dry granular material flow inside a rotary drum. The outcomes of the numerical simulation show good agreement with tabletop experiments and published results.     

数值模拟相对论性朗缪尔湍动

为研究相对论性朗缪尔湍动特性,采用描述朗缪尔波与离声波非线性耦合过程的相对论性萨哈罗夫方程组,进行数值模拟,获得一系列朗缪尔波的时间演化图。图组形象地模拟出相对论性强朗缪尔湍动过程,图中给出不同相对论参数下朗缪尔波场强的最大值。研究表明,电子运动相对论性越强,朗缪尔波的演化耗时更长,朗缪尔波场越强,湍动越剧烈。这可为湍动加速或等离子体加热提供参考数据,对超强激光等离子体(或天体物理)中出现超热电子(或快离子流)的产生机制研究有一定的参考价值。更多还原     

强震作用下RC延性框架的简化计算

提出了一种RC延性框架抗震设计方法,选取合理的倒塌机构并用虚功原理将其转化为等效的单自由度系统,针对选取的倒塌机构、设防烈度及场地条件计算刚塑性反应谱并据此计算结构的动力需求。以五层和九层RC框架为算例并与弹塑性时程分析比较,研究表明该方法计算简单,精度可靠,可以满足强烈地震作用下RC延性框架抗震设计要求。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的生物力学研究进展

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是一种在睡眠时反复出现咽部塌陷,引起呼吸暂停的疾病.随着该病发病率的上升及人们对生活质量及健康水平要求的提高,该疾病已经引起越来越多各学科研究人员的重视.该文简要介绍了睡眠呼吸暂停的定义、危害及诊断标准;然后从神经调控机制和生理解剖结构因素两个大的方面,介绍了诱发睡眠呼吸暂停的各种因素; 接着结合医学背景知识,从力学角度提出了引起上气道塌陷和阻止塌陷的控制机制;最后介绍了睡眠呼吸暂停生物力学研究的两种典型模型,即分布参数模型和集中参数模型,并对模型的特点及需要改进之处进行了分析和讨论.      

Direct detonation initiation with thermal deposition due to pore collapse in energetic materials – towards the coupling between micro- and macroscale

In this work we investigate the initiation of detonations in energetic materials through thermal power deposition due to pore collapse. We solve the reactive Euler equations, with the energy equation augmented by a power deposition term. The deposition term is partially based on previous results of simulations of pore collapse at the microscale, modelled at the macroscale as hotspots. It is found that a critical size of the hotspots exists. If the hotspots exceed the critical size, direct initiation of detonation can be achieved even with a low power input, in contrast to the common assumption that a sufficient power is necessary to initiate detonation. We show that sufficient power is necessary only when the size of the hotspots is below the critical size. In this scenario, the so-called ‘explosion in the explosion’, the initial ignition does not lead to a detonation directly, but detonation occurs later as a result of shock-to-detonation transition in the region processed by the shock wave generated by the initial ignition.