Micelle to solvent stacking of organic cations in micellar electrokinetic chromatography with sodium dodecyl sulfate

The on-line sample concentration technique, micelle to solvent stacking (MSS), was studied for small organic cations (quaternary ammonium herbicides, β-blocker drugs, and tricyclic antidepressant drugs) in reversed migration micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrokinetic chromatography was carried out in fused silica capillaries with a background solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in a low pH phosphate buffer. MSS was performed using anionic SDS micelles in the sample solution for analyte transport and methanol or acetonitrile as organic solvent in the background solution for analyte effective electrophoretic mobility reversal. The solvent also allowed for the separation of the analyte test mixtures. A model for focusing and separation was developed and the mobility reversal that involved micelle collapse was experimentally verified. The effect of analyte retention factor was observed by changing the % organic solvent in the background solution or the concentration of SDS in the sample matrix. With an injection length of 31.9 cm (77% of effective capillary length) for the 7 test drugs, the LODs (S/N=3) of 5-14 ng/mL were 101-346-fold better when compared to typical injection. The linearity (R(2), range=0.025-0.8 μg/mL), intraday and interday repeatability (%RSD, n=10) were ≥0.988, <6.0% and <8.5%, respectively. In addition, analysis of spiked urine samples after 10-fold dilution with the sample matrix yielded LODs=0.02-0.10 μg/mL. These LODs are comparable to published electrophoretic methods that required off-line sample concentration. However, the practicality of the technique for more complex samples will rely on dedicated sample preparation schemes.     

Self-similar collapse and blow up of laser beams in nonlinear Kerr media—Revisited

Some features of the blow up and collapse phenomena characteristic of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation are discussed. Particular attention is given to recently found solutions describing self-similar collapse in the form of ring-shaped structures. The characteristic parameters of such collapsing rings are found and particular single-humped initial conditions giving rise to ring formation are also discussed. The possibility of self-similarly collapsing beams with parabolic intensity profiles is investigated and used to infer the blow up distance of initially Gaussian beams. The result is shown to be in good agreement with previous empirical results for the blow up distance.     

Mechanical effects of laser-induced cavitation bubble on different geometrical confinements for laser propulsion in water

Laser propulsions of six kinds of propelled objects in water and air are studied in this paper. The kinetic energy and momentum coupling coefficients gained by the objects after implementation of single laser pulses are investigated experimentally. It is shown that the propulsion effects are better in water than in air. Both in water and in air, the propulsion effects are better if there is a cavity on the laser irradiated surface of the object, and a hemispherical cavity works better than a 90°-conical cavity. A concept of equivalent reference pressure is proposed in this paper. It means that the asymmetry in the liquid induced by a rigid boundary near a spherical or nonspherical oscillating bubble can be approximated as the perturbation induced by a compressive stress wave passing through a bubble in the infinite static liquid. Thus, the collapse time and the pressure surrounding the nonspherical collapsing bubble can be estimated based on the maximum velocity of the liquid jet tip. Experiments also show that cavitation with oscillations and collapse can be induced at the object-water interface on the outside surface of the object head by the penetrating intensive stress wave and the elastic deformation of the object head. The bulging velocity of the object surface is calculated based on the propagation theory of stress waves at medium interfaces.     

Structural phase stability and elastic behavior of III-V scandium pnictides

A modified interaction potential (MIPM) model (including the covalency effect) has been developed and applied for the first time to investigate the high-pressure structural phase transition of scandium pnictides (ScAs and ScSb). Phase transition pressures are associated with a sudden collapse in volume indicating the occurrence of first order phase transition. The phase transition pressures and associated volume collapses obtained from present potential model show a generally better agreement with available experimental data than others. The elastic constants and their pressure derivatives are also reported. Moreover, the thermo physical properties have also been obtained successfully. Our results are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical data.     

AlGaN/GaN 高速电子迁移率晶体管器件电流坍塌效应与界面热阻和温度的研究

本文系统研究了AlGaN/GaN基高速电子迁移率晶体管器件界面热阻和工作温度对器件在高功率下的电流坍塌效应的影响规律.研究发现低漏极电压下热电子是导致负微分输出电导的重要因素,器件工作温度变高会使负微分输出电导减小.高漏极电压下自加热效应是导致电流坍塌的一个重要因素.随着界面热阻的增加,器件跨导降低,阈值电压增大.同时,由于工作环境温度的增高,器件随之温度增高,载流子迁移率会显著降低. 最终这两种因素会引起AlGaN/GaN基高速电子迁移率晶体管器件显著的电流坍塌效应,从而降低了器件整体性能. 关键词： AlGaN/GaN HEMT 器件 热电子效应 自加热效应 电流坍塌效应     

A novel Si-rich SiN bilayer passivation with thin-barrier AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for high performance millimeter-wave applications

We demonstrate a novel Si-rich SiN bilayer passivation technology for AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with thin-barrier to minimize surface leakage current to enhance the breakdown voltage. The bilayer SiN with 20-nm Si-rich SiN and 100-nm Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ was deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) after removing 20-nm SiO$_{2}$ pre-deposition layer. Compared to traditional Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ passivation for thin-barrier AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, Si-rich SiN bilayer passivation can suppress the current collapse ratio from 18.54% to 8.40%. However, Si-rich bilayer passivation leads to a severer surface leakage current, so that it has a low breakdown voltage. The 20-nm SiO$_{2}$ pre-deposition layer can protect the surface of HEMTs in fabrication process and decrease Ga-O bonds, resulting in a lower surface leakage current. In contrast to passivating Si-rich SiN directly, devices with the novel Si-rich SiN bilayer passivation increase the breakdown voltage from 29 V to 85 V. Radio frequency (RF) small-signal characteristics show that HEMTs with the novel bilayer SiN passivation leads to $f_{\rm T}/f_{\rm max}$ of 68 GHz/102 GHz. At 30 GHz and $V_{\rm DS} = 20$ V, devices achieve a maximum $P_{\rm out}$ of 5.2 W/mm and a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 42.2%. These results indicate that HEMTs with the novel bilayer SiN passivation can have potential applications in the millimeter-wave range.     

Study of phase transformation and elastic properties of ThX (X = N,P, As and Sb) under high-pressure

An improved interaction potential model (IIPM) has been formulated to theoretically predict the pressure induced phase transition, elastic properties and thermophysical properties of thorium monopnictides (ThX; X = N, P, As and Sb). The phase transition pressures and volume drop obtained from this model show a better agreement with the available experimental than theoretical results. We have achieved elastic moduli, anisotropy factor, Poisson's ratio, Kleinman parameter, shear and stiffness constants on the basis of the calculated elastic constants. To know the anharmonic properties, we have also computed the third-order elastic constants, first-order pressure derivatives of second-order elastic constants and thermophysical quantities. Our results are in reasonable agreement with available measured and others reported data which supports the validity of model.     

Liner wrinkling and collapse of bi-material pipe under bending

Lining internally a carbon steel pipe with a thin layer of corrosion resistant material is an economical method for protecting offshore tubulars from the corrosive ingredients of hydrocarbons. In applications involving severe plastic bending, such as in the reeling installation process, the liner can detach from the outer pipe and develop large amplitude buckles that compromise the flow. This paper outlines a numerical framework for establishing the extent to which lined pipe can be bent before liner collapse. The modeling starts with the simulation of the inflation process through which the two tubes develop interference contact pressure. Bending the composite structure leads to differential ovalization and eventually separation of part of the liner from the outer pipe. The unsupported strip of the liner on the compressed side first wrinkles and at higher curvature buckles and collapses in a diamond shaped mode. The sensitivity of the collapse curvature to the various parameters of the problem is studied, and amongst other findings the onset of collapse is shown to be very sensitive to small geometric imperfections in the liner. It is also demonstrated that bending the pipe under modest amounts of internal pressure can delay liner collapse to curvatures that make it reelable.     

On self-organised criticality in one dimension

In critical phenomena, many of the characteristic features encountered in higher dimensions such as scaling, data collapse and associated critical exponents are also present in one dimension. Likewise for systems displaying self-organised criticality. We show that the one-dimensional Bak–Tang–Wiesenfeld sandpile model, although trivial, does indeed fall into the general framework of self-organised criticality. We also investigate the Oslo ricepile model, driven by adding slope units at the boundary or in the bulk. We determine the critical exponents by measuring the scaling of the kth moment of the avalanche size probability with system size. The avalanche size exponent depends on the type of drive but the avalanche dimension remains constant.