β-Naphthol as a Chromophore and Fluorophore Forming Reagent in the HPLC Determination of Alkyl Halides

Abstract

A suitable chromophore- and fluorophore- forming reagent for the detection of alkyl halide water contaminants is β-naphtol. The ether derivatives are separated from each other and excess β-naphthol reagent by reverse, phase HPLC and are detected by ultraviolet absorption or fluorescence. A method for the determination of alkyl halides is presented. The method is applicable to concentration levels in the ppm range for UV detection and in the ppb concentration range using fluorescence detection.     

含三氟甲基偶氮生色团环氧树脂类聚合物合成和光致表面自结构研究

利用后重氮偶合反应,将4-(三氟甲基)苯胺的重氮盐与两种具有高苯胺残基密度的环氧树脂类前体聚合物在极性有机溶剂中反应,制备了两种具有高生色团密度的环氧树脂类偶氮聚合物PEP-AZ-CF3和PEP-35AZ-CF3.利用1H-NMR、FTIR、UV-Vis和DSC等分析方法对2种偶氮聚合物结构、热性能及吸收光谱性能进行了分析及表征.研究了在不同波长的激光(488、532及589 nm)照射下,2种偶氮聚合物薄膜光致表面自结构的形成.研究结果表明,入射激光的波长对偶氮聚合物表面自结构现象的形成有明显影响.仅在波长488 nm的偏振激光(线偏振光或圆偏振光)照射下,2种偶氮聚合物薄膜表面能观察到自结构现象.圆偏光比线偏光更有利于诱导表面起伏结构的形成,但形成的表面结构不具备长程取向有序性.聚合物生色团中偶氮键邻位的取代甲基对表面自结构的形成起到阻碍作用.     

Electronic structure of the photoactive yellow protein chromophore: Ab initio study of the low-lying excited singlet states

The excited electronic states of the p-coumaric acid thio-ester chromophore of the Photoactive Yellow Protein (PYP) are characterized in view of identifying the key factors determining the chromophore's isomerisation. These factors include the anionic nature of the chromophore, the presence of sulfur (rather than oxygen or nitrogen) in the ester moiety, and the presence of a hydrogen-bonding environment stabilizing the phenolate moiety. Two twisted stationary S₁ structures are identified, corresponding to a twist around the double bond conjugated with the aromatic ring, and the single bond adjacent to the ring, respectively. The latter structure is accessed directly by relaxation from the Franck–Condon (FC) geometry. These structures are shown to entail a substantial polarization effect (increasing charge separation when moving towards the twisted geometry). Further, an inversion of charge character is observed for the double-bond twisted minimum, which can be accounted for by the vicinity of an S₁–S₀ conical intersection. The S₁–S₀ gap at the minimum geometries depends in a sensitive fashion on the -carbonyl heteroatom. Based upon these observations for the intrinsic properties of the chromophore, we further address the effect of the Arg52 residue, which acts as a counter-ion in the native protein environment.     

Effect of dimer formation via hydrogen bonding on static and dynamic nonlinear optical characteristics of chromophores

The effect of head-to-tail azochromophore dimer formation on the values of static and dynamic first hyperpolarizability is studied on the basis of calculations performed at M06-2X/aug-cc-pVDZ and ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVDZ computational levels; the results are compared with those obtained at second-order Moller-Plesset pertubation theory (MP2)/aug-cc-pVDZ. Azochromophores DO3 and AAB-DCV , participating in the dimer formation, contain nitro- or dicyanovinylene acceptor moieties. The structure of the studied dimers is obtained at the B3LYP-D3/6-31++G (d,p) level with basis set superposition error (BSSE) correction. Dynamic first hyperpolarizabilities are calculated at radiation frequencies of 0.65 eV, 0.918 eV and 1.165 eV. The essential effect of dimer formation is demonstrated: it results in almost a 3.5 times increase of the first hyperpolarizability. In the series D1 - D2 - D3 , β(2ω) values at 0.65 eV increase in a way similar to the static case: β(2ω) for D2 and D3 are 1.5 and 1.8 times higher than that for D1 . The notable resonance enhancement of β(2ω) for the studied hydrogen-bonded dimers is demonstrated at radiation frequency of 1.165 eV.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel nonlinear optical hyperbranched polymer containing a highly performing chromophore

We report herein the peripheral functionalization of a high glass transition temperature hyperbranched polyimide with a new and highly performing electro‐optic chromophore for the elaboration of a second‐order nonlinear optical material. In this study, the CPO1 chromophore was selected for its very high quadratic hyperpolarizability coefficient (μβ = 31,000 ? 10^?48 esu at 1990 nm) and its ease of synthesis in multigram scale. As a result, the new electro‐optic polymer was characterized by an r₃₃ coefficient around 40 pm/V at 1.5 µm, although the poling conditions were not optimized. For sake of comparison, the electro‐optic r₃₃ coefficient of our previously reported similar polymer functionalized with the well‐known Disperse Red One chromophore was also measured using the technique and gave a much lower r₃₃ coefficient. This study underscores that hyperbranched polymers are particularly promising matrices to host highly efficient chromophore to achieve more efficient and more stable electro‐optic devices than classical linear polymers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Tris-Fluorenyl Chromophores as Intermediates of Potential Nonlinear Photonic Materials

In our effort to enhance the cross section of simultaneous multiphoton absorption of C₆₀-based photonic nanomaterials, a novel highly luminescent tris-fluorenyl ring-interconnected chromophore tris-DPAF-C₉ was designed and synthesized using a C ₃ symmetrical triaminobenzene core as the synthon. The structural moiety bears a close resemblance to that of 2-diphenylamino-9,9-dialkylfluorenyl attachment in the previously studied C₆₀(> DPAF-C_n)_x. The product tris-DPAF-C₉ was fully characterized by NMR, UV, IR, and MALDI-TOF MS spectroscopic methods. Based on the molecular energy calculation at MOPAC PM3 level, it suggested the presence of two possible cis/trans stereoisomers on the configuration of fluorenyl moieties. Consequently, a lower heat formation (ΔH _f) of 19.9 kcal/mol was found for the tris-cis C₉-isomer as the favorable one vs 47.9 kcal/mol for the bis-mono-trans C₉-isomer.     

An Unexpected Chromophore–Solvent Reaction Leads to Bicomponent Aggregation-Induced Phosphorescence

Organic luminogens with persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have found a wide range of applications. However, many RTP luminogens are prone to severe quenching in the crystalline state. Herein, we report a strategy to construct a donor-sp³-acceptor type luminogen that exhibits aggregation-induced emission (AIE) while the donor-sp²-acceptor counterpart structure exhibits a non-emissive solid state. Unexpectedly, it was discovered that a trace amount (0.01 %) of the structurally similar derivative, produced by a side reaction with the DMF solvent, could induce strong RTP with an absolute RTP yield up to 25.4 % and a lifetime of 48 ms, although the substance does not show RTP by itself. Single-crystal XRD-based calculations suggest that n–σ* orbital interactions as a result of structural similarity may be responsible for the strong RTP in the bicomponent system. This study provides a new insight into the design of multi-component, solid-state RTP materials from organic molecular systems.     

Mechanical-Bending-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement in Plastically Flexible Crystals of a GFP Chromophore Analogue

Single crystals of optoelectronic materials that respond to external stimuli, such as mechanical, light, or heat, are immensely attractive for next generation smart materials. Here we report single crystals of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore analogue with irreversible mechanical bending and associated unusual enhancement of the fluorescence, which is attributed to the strained molecular packing in the perturbed region. Soft crystalline materials with such fluorescence intensity modulations occurring in response to mechanical stimuli under ambient pressure conditions will have potential implications for the design of technologically relevant tunable fluorescent materials.     

靛族染料发色体电子光谱性质的含时密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函方法(DFT)在B3LYP／6—31 ^*水平上对一系列靛族染料发色体的几何构型进行优化计算；在获得基态稳定结构的基础上，应用含时密度泛函理论(TD—DFT)在相同水平下计算其电子吸收光谱．探讨了不同给电子基团和发色体的延伸对电子吸收光谱的影响，得到了与对应母体化合物一致的变化规律．结果表明，给电子基团给电子能力的增强和发色体的纵向延伸分别使光谱产生一定红移和轻微的蓝移．通过对前线轨道组成进行自然布居分析，揭示了靛族染料的发光均源自分子中HOMO—LUMO(π→π^*)电子跃迁．