Evolution of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) has become a very popular environmentally benign sample-preparation technique, because it is fast, inexpensive, easy to operate with a high enrichment factor and consumes low volume of organic solvent. DLLME is a modified solvent extraction method in which acceptor-to-donor phase ratio is greatly reduced compared with other methods. In this review, in order to encourage further development of DLLME, its combination with different analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS) will be discussed. Also, its applications in conjunction with different extraction techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), solidification of floating organic drop (SFO) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are summarized. This review focuses on the extra steps in sample preparation for application of DLLME in different matrixes such as food, biological fluids and solid samples. Further, the recent developments in DLLME are presented. DLLME does have some limitations, which will also be discussed in detail. Finally, an outlook on the future of the technique will be given.     

蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量测定的不确定度评估

按照SN/T1864-2007《进出口动物源食品中氯霉素残留量的检测方法第2部分:液相色谱串联质谱法》对蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量进行分析。通过建立数学模型,对测量结果的各不确定度来源,如标准使用液、内标、回归方程、方法重复性等引入的不确定度分量及其灵敏系数进行分析和量化。当蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量为0.108μg/kg时,扩展不确定度为0.012μg/kg(k=2)。     

同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法准确测定猪肉中的氯霉素

建立了同位素稀释质谱测定猪肉中氯霉素残留的方法,对影响溶剂提取、萃取净化、液相色谱-质谱检测方法准确度的因素进行了量化与优化。猪肉样品经液氮冷冻粉碎,加入氯霉素-D5同位素内标和0.1 mol/L醋酸钠缓冲溶液(pH 5),用乙酸乙酯提取4次,正己烷脱脂,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后采用负离子多反应监测模式下的液相色谱-质谱技术检测。方法的线性范围为0.01～0.5 ng/g,相关系数r2大于0.999;检出限和定量限分别为0.004 ng/g和0.02 ng/g;在0.02 ng/g和1.0 ng/g加标水平的回收率(n=3)分别为95.2%～109.1%和99.7%～102.5%;日内和日间相对标准偏差均小于2%。研究了氯霉素及氯霉素-D5的基体效应,测得不同流动相和稀释溶剂组成时基体效应因子k的范围在0.950～1.015之间。研究结果对同位素稀释质谱痕量残留检测结果准确度的控制、方法的建立与验证具有参考意义。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定饲料中氯霉素、甲砜霉素与氟甲砜霉素残留量

建立了饲料中氯霉素(CAP)、甲砜霉素(TAP)、氟甲砜霉素(FF)3种抗生素残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定方法。样品经碱化乙酸乙酯提取,蒸发浓缩,提取物经正己烷脱脂,液-液分配净化后,采用电喷雾电离源(ESI)负离子多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,内标法定量。氯霉素、氟甲砜霉素和甲砜霉素的线性范围分别为0.2～10.0、0.2～10.0、1.0～50.0μg/L,相关系数(r2)不低于0.990 0;其检出限分别为0.1、0.1、0.5μg/kg,定量下限分别为0.3、0.3、1.5μg/kg。3种抗生素药物的平均回收率为77%～108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于10.9%。     

复合免疫亲和柱净化-液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定动物源性食品中6种玉米赤霉醇类化合物和氯霉素残留量

建立了动物源性食品中6种玉米赤霉醇类化合物和氯霉素残留量的复合免疫亲和柱净化、液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）分析方法。样品（鱼肉、肝脏、牛奶、蜂蜜）经β-葡萄糖苷酸/硫酯酸复合酶酶解后用乙醚提取,提取液经氮气吹干,残渣用50%乙腈溶液复溶后过滤,滤液用PBS溶液稀释,经复合免疫亲和柱富集净化后供LC-MS/MS检测,采用多反应监测（MRM）模式进行定量和定性分析,外标法定量。结果表明,7种目标物的检出限（S/N=3）在0.04~0.10 μg/kg之间,线性相关系数（R²）≥0.9990,平均回收率为70.9%~95.6%,相对标准偏差为2.0%~11.8%。该方法灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于动物源性食品中痕量玉米赤霉醇类药物和氯霉素残留的测定。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂胶及以其为原料的保健食品中的氯霉素

建立了同时适用于蜂胶及以其为原料的保健食品中氯霉素残留的检测方法。样品中的蜂胶经乙醇溶解,以4%（质量分数）乙酸铅溶液沉淀具有邻二酚羟基结构的黄酮类成分,在碱性条件下进一步去除不含此结构的黄酮类干扰物,并以甲基叔丁基醚为提取溶剂,有效减少样品中极性干扰物和保健食品辅料（如聚乙二醇、甘油等）的共提取。试样溶液经HPLC-MS/MS测定,内标法定量。线性范围为0.20~50.0 μg/L,相关系数为0.9998;方法检出限为0.03 μg/kg,定量限为0.1 μg/kg;不同基质的回收率为86.0%~114.4%,相对标准偏差为0.3%~4.9%。该方法通用性强,操作简便,灵敏度高,抗干扰能力强,推广应用前景良好。     

氯霉素类药物的高效液相色谱手性分离研究

利用Pirkle型(S,S)-Whelk-01手性柱对合霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素进行了对映体分离研究。考察了在正己烷流动相中醇类添加剂种类及浓度对其手性分离的影响,并采用液相色谱／质谱联用法对甲砜霉素的两个异构体峰进行了确证。结果表明：当异丙醇和叔丁醇为醇类添加剂时,合霉素和甲砜霉素获得较大分离因子,而使得氟甲砜霉素获得较大分离因子的是乙醇。合霉素在流动相为正己烷／乙醇=97：3时获得最大分离度是1．89;在正己烷／乙醇=90：10时,甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素都获得了很好的分离,最佳分离度R8分别达到1．84和3．94。     

Simple,efficient, and eco‐friendly sample preparation for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and chloramphenicol in meat

We have developed and validated a simple, eco‐friendly, and reliable method to simultaneously determine paracetamol and chloramphenicol in meat with ultra performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The samples were firstly extracted with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid–McIlvaine's buffer and then purified by solid‐phase extraction by using a novel core‐shell polyaniline/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers mat. Compared with existing methods for the two analytes, the proposed method was simplified greatly with much fewer sample preparation steps, consumed much less time (< 2 min per sample) and organic solvent (0.7 mL per sample). Low detection levels (0.15–0.20 µg/kg for paracetamol, 0.01 µg/kg for chloramphenicol) with good precision and recoveries of the target compounds were obtained. The proposed method was applied to determine the residual paracetamol and chloramphenicol in pork, chicken, and beef samples, and the test results were consistent with those using the Chinese national standard methods, which demonstrates the reliability and practicality of the new method.     

荧光核酸适配体功能化氧化石墨烯生物传感器用于快速检测氯霉素

开发了一种无标记和快速的检测方法基于氧化石墨烯（GO）和荧光功能性G-四聚体探针（FGP），可用于定量检测氯霉素（CAP）.FGP由氯霉素核酸适配体和富含G碱基的核酸序列组成.核酸适配体用于结合CAP，并且由富含G碱基的核酸序列在K⁺，Na⁺离子的作用下形成的G-四聚体，然后与硫磺素T（ThT）结合后用作信号分子.在没有CAP的情况下，FGP通过π-π堆积相互作用被吸附到GO的表面上，阻碍了G-四聚体的形成导致溶液中的荧光强度低.在加入CAP时，FGP的核酸适配体部分可识别并结合CAP以形成复合物，导致其从GO解吸.因此，游离的富含G的碱基序列可以形成G-四聚体结构并与ThT结合，导致溶液的荧光强度增加.我们观察到荧光强度增加与CAP浓度在2~20 nmol/L范围内呈线性关系，检测限为1.45 nmol/L.此外，该检测系统用于检测加标牛奶中的CAP，回收率在93.2%~103.3%之间.这些结果表明，开发的方法可用于有效检测实际样品中的CAP.     

Application of Thermogravimetry in the Quality Control of Chloramphenicol Tablets

The stability and thermal behaviour of chloramphenicol and various of its mixtures were investigated. The thermogravimetric and stability constant results showed that the chloramphenicol base is thermally more stable than the tablet in the studied formulation. The reduction in stability was attributed to the presence of starch in the formulation. The thermal decompositions of the chloramphenicol base and the tablet obey first-order kinetics. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.