对饱和多孔介质波动问题中本构关系的探讨

依据连续介质力学的混合物理论，讨论了饱和多孔介质的波动一般方程。其中考虑了质量耦合、初始压力及其浮力效应等。对于澄清这一研究课题中的某些基本概念，以及完善其理论体系具有重要意义。）其中ｖ￣（２）为速度涨落，于是单位体积内流相的动能为：因此将流相动能的涨落Ｋ￣（２）归于自由能更自然些。又因为当：ｖ￣（２＊）≡ｖ￣１时，即Δｖ＝ｖ￣１－ｖ￣２＝０时ｖ￣（２）＝０，此时Ｋ￣（２）＝０而且显然Ｋ￣（２）随着Δｖ·Δｖ的增大而增大，一个简单的近似是令Ｋ￣（２）＝ρ·Δｖ＿ｋ·Δｖ＿ｋ并且是常数。由此可导出表现质量力。由自由能的非负性质知，所以有．由（４．１３ａ）很容易推出质量密度矩阵的对称性和正定性。参考文献     

Buoyancy induced limits for nanoparticle synthesis experiments in horizontal premixed low-pressure flat-flame reactors

Premixed low-pressure flat-flame reactors can be used to investigate the synthesis of nanoparticles. The present work examines the flow field inside such a reactor during the formation of carbon (soot) and iron oxide (from Fe(CO)₅) nanoparticles, and how it affects the measurements of nanoparticle size distribution. The symmetry of the flow and the impact of buoyancy were analysed by three-dimensional simulations and the nanoparticle size distribution was obtained by particle mass spectrometry (PMS) via molecular beam sampling at different distances from the burner. The PMS measurements showed a striking, sudden increase in particle size at a critical distance from the burner, which could be explained by the flow field predicted in the simulations. The simulation results illustrate different fluid mechanical phenomena which have caused this sudden rise in the measured particle growth. Up to the critical distance, buoyancy does not affect the flow, and an (almost) linear growth is observed in the PMS experiments. Downstream of this critical distance, buoyancy deflects the hot gas stream and leads to an asymmetric flow field with strong recirculation. These recirculation zones increase the particle residence time, inducing very large particle sizes as measured by PMS. This deviation from the assumed symmetric, one-dimensional flow field prevents the correct interpretation of the PMS results. To overcome this problem, modifications to the reactor were investigated; their suitability to reduce the flow asymmetry was analysed. Furthermore, ‘safe’ operating conditions were identified for which accurate measurements are feasible in premixed low-pressure flat-flame reactors that are transferrable to other experiments in this type of reactor. The present work supports experimentalists to find the best setup and operating conditions for their purpose.     

Velocity of weakly turbulent flames of finite thickness

The velocity increase of a weakly turbulent flame of finite thickness is investigated using analytical theory developed in previous papers. The obtained velocity increase depends on the flow parameters: on the turbulent intensity, on the turbulent spectrum and on the characteristic length scale. It also depends on the thermal and chemical properties of the burning matter: thermal expansion, the Markstein number and the temperature dependence of transport coefficients. It is shown that the influence of the finite flame thickness is especially strong close to the resonance point, when the wavelength of the turbulent harmonic is equal to the cut off wavelength of the Darrieus–Landau instability. The velocity increase is almost independent of the Prandtl number. On the contrary, the Markstein number is one of the most important parameters controlling the velocity increase. The relative role of the external turbulence and the Darrieus–Landau instability for the velocity increase is studied for different parameters of the flow and the burning matter. The velocity increase for turbulent flames in methane and propane fuel mixtures is calculated for different values of the equivalence ratio. The present theoretical results are compared with previous experiments on turbulent flames. In order to perform the comparison, the theoretical results of the present paper are extrapolated to the case of a strongly corrugated flame front using the ideas of self-similar flame dynamics. The obtained theoretical results are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data, taking into account the uncertainties of both the theory and the experiments. It is shown that in many experiments on turbulent flames the Darrieus–Landau instability is more important for the flame velocity than the external turbulence.     

Leveling a capillary ridge generated by substrate geometry

The formation of capillary ridges is typical of thin viscous films flowing over a topographical feature. This process is studied by using a two-dimensional model describing the slow motion of a thin viscous nonisothermal liquid film flowing over complex topography. The model is based on the Navier-Stokes equations in the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation. The density, surface tension, and viscosity of the liquid are linear functions of temperature. For a nonisothermal flow over a planar substrate with a local heater, the influence of the heater on the free surface is analyzed numerically depending on the buoyancy effect, Marangoni stresses, and variable viscosity. The analysis shows that the film can create its own ridges or valleys depending on the heater and the dominating liquid properties. It is shown that the capillary ridges generated by the substrate features can be optimally leveled by using various types of heaters consistent with the dominating liquid properties. Numerical results for model problems are presented.     

磁场对具有压力梯度的低频振荡自然对流的影响

研究了磁场对具有非定常压力梯度的振荡自然对流的影响．假设流体是在两平行板内流动．由于在航天材料中的重要性，重点研究在微重力作用下由于矿振荡器诱发的低频振荡自然对流．得到了在非定常磁场下的振荡流体的一般解．还给出了一些特殊的振荡流和对作用磁场的响应．发现振荡流的性质依赖于频率、驱动浮力的振幅、温度梯度、磁场、壁面的导电情况．当没有磁场时，浮力在驱动流体振荡中起主导作用，并且速度的大小还受温度梯度的影响．为了控制振荡流，可以应用外磁场．还发现：当壁面是导体时，速度的减小与作用磁场的平方成反比；当壁面是绝缘体时，速度的减小与作用磁场成反比．一些详细的计算结果反映了真实的状态．     

阿基米德实验和电磁振荡实验的改进

利用简易装置对阿基米德实验和电磁振荡实验进行了改进．     

Neutrally buoyant particle in the boundary layer at a plate. II. Inertial effects

This study deals with the asymptotic modeling of the disturbance flow field created by a neutrally buoyant solid particle suspended in a by drodynamic boundary layer past a plate. The range of dimensions studied isL/Re _i ^5/4 <R _p<L/Re _i ^1/2 (Re_i being the total Reynolds number of the back-ground flow stream,L is the lenghth of the plate). The concept of local particle's Reynolds number Re_p is introduced. The obtained asymptotic equations for the disturbance field are classified in three basic groups: viscous perturbation (Re_p<1/Re _i ^1/2 ); intermediate case (Re_p1/Re _i ^1/2 ) and inertial perturbation (Re_p>1/Re _i ^1/2 ).     

On the effects of buoyancy on higher order moments in lazy plumes

Jets and plumes are shear flows created by momentum and buoyant sources. They can be classified as either pure jets, forced plumes, pure plumes, or lazy plumes. Lazy plumes are characterised as having a high source buoyancy flux relative to the momentum flux. We use direct numerical simulations to simulate lazy plumes to ascertain the effects of increasing plume ‘laziness’ on the higher order moments, such as Reynolds stresses, third order moments and turbulent kinetic energy budgets. The mildly lazy plumes behaved like most plumes in terms of higher order statistics: a self-similar collapse some distance downstream and peak values comparable to previous experiments and simulations. The highly lazy plumes did not show a self-similar collapse and, in most cases, had higher peak values in all moments. The highly lazy plumes had higher levels of turbulence intensities due to the high buoyancy flux, leading to significant buoyancy-induced turbulence production downstream.     

Surface tension effects on the behaviour of a rising bubble driven by buoyancy force

In the inviscid and incompressible fluid flow regime,surface tension effects on the behaviour of an initially spherical buoyancy-driven bubble rising in an infinite and initially stationary liquid are investigated numerically by a volume of fluid (VOF) method. The ratio of the gas density to the liquid density is 0.001, which is close to the case of an air bubble rising in water. It is found by numerical experiment that there exist four critical Weber numbers We₁,~We₂,~We₃ and We₄, which distinguish five different kinds of bubble behaviours. It is also found that when 1≤We2, the bubble will finally reach a steady shape, and in this case after it rises acceleratedly for a moment, it will rise with an almost constant speed, and the lower the Weber number is, the higher the speed is. When We >We₂, the bubble will not reach a steady shape, and in this case it will not rise with a constant speed. The mechanism of the above phenomena has been analysed theoretically and numerically.     

Similarity solutions of vertical plane wall plume based on finite analytic method

The turbulent flow of vertical plane wall plume with concentration variation was studied with the finite analytical method. The k-epsilon model with the effect of buoyancy on turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate was adopted. There were similarity solutions in the uniform environment for the system of equations including the equation of continuity, the equation of momentum along the flow direction and concentration, and equations of k, epsilon. The finite analytic method was applied to obtain the similarity solution. The calculated data of velocity, relative density difference, the kinetic energy of turbulence and its dissipation rate distribution for vertical plane plumes are in good agreement with the experimental data at the turbulent Schmidt number equal to 1.0. The variations of their maximum value along the direction of main flow were also given. It shows that the present model is good, i.e., the effect of buoyancy on turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate should be taken into account, and the finite analytic method is effective.