水下训练服浮力配平的整数非线性规划方法

针对水下训练服随遇平衡和特定角度下稳定平衡的浮力配平需求,通过对配平过程进行数学描述,基于分支定界算法的整数非线性规划,提出了一种用于浮力配平方案优化计算的方法.对给定初始值的水下训练服,在随遇平衡和不同角度下的稳定平衡条件下,计算得到最优的浮力配平结果,表明了该方法计算配平方案的有效性.该方法对不同配平对象、配平目标的浮力配平过程都有很好的指导意义.     

无导叶对转涡轮进口热斑迁移特性分析

为了揭示1 1/2(无低压导叶)对转涡轮进口热斑的迁移特性,运用三维非定常粘性流场计算程序对某1 l/2对转涡轮模型级在不同进口温度分布条件下的流场进行了数值模拟.结果表明,热斑在高压导叶中未发生周向和展向迁移;当进口热斑位于高压导叶流道中间时,高压动叶的热负荷加重;当进口热斑正对高压导叶前缘时,与进口热斑位于高压导叶流道中间方案相比,加重了高压导叶热负荷,但减轻了高压动叶热负荷;综合比较来看,进口热斑正对高压导叶前缘对涡轮冷却设计有利;冷热流体间的滑移速度、二次流效应和浮力效应是影响热斑迁移特性的主要因素;热斑在动叶中的迁移方向主要与冷热流体间滑移速度的方向有关,而与进口热斑相对第一级导叶的位置无关;在高压动叶中,二次流和浮力的作用效果均很明显;在低压动叶中,流体的迁移扩散行为主要受二次流控制,浮力基本不起作用.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TWO–DIMENSIONAL BUOYANCY–DRIVEN TURBULENCE IN A TALL RECTANGULAR CAVITY

A computational study of natural convection of air in a tall rectangular cavity with 4:1 aspect ratio is conducted. In an effort to investigate the applicability of the Boussinesq approximation to turbulent flow simulation, the cavity is differentially heated from the sides and is insulated at the ends at a Rayleigh number of 10⁹. Starting from quiescent and isothermal flow conditions, the flow is driven to turbulence without any artificial perturbations. The computer programme developed integrates the two-dimensional, time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation and the energy equation by a time-accurate method on a stretched, staggered grid. The simulation proceeds to a statistically steady solution in which large-scale structures are found in the mean. Both mean and fluctuating quantities provide good agreement with experimental results.     

浮力对环形液池内热毛细对流的影响

为了了解浮力的影响,对水平温度梯度作用时环形液池内的热毛细对流进行了非稳态三维数值模拟,环形液池外壁被加热,半径为40 mm,内壁被冷却,半径为20 mm,液池深度为(1-17)mm,流体为0．65cSt的硅油,其Pτ数为6．7．模拟结果表明,当水平温度梯度较小时,流动为轴对称稳态流动,随着温度梯度的增加,流动将会失去其稳定性,在浅液池内,转化为热流体波,浮力对失稳后的流型无影响,但会使热流体波的振幅下降;在深液池内,在常重力条件下,转化成三维稳定流动,在微重力和小重力条件下,转化为三维振荡流动．     

Buoyancy modelling with incompressible SPH for laminar and turbulent flows

This work aims to model buoyant, laminar or turbulent flows, using a two‐dimensional incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics model with accurate wall boundary conditions. The buoyancy effects are modelled through the Boussinesq approximation coupled to a heat equation, which makes it possible to apply an incompressible algorithm to compute the pressure field from a Poisson equation. Based on our previous work [1], we extend the unified semi‐analytical wall boundary conditions to the present model. The latter is also combined to a Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes approach to treat turbulent flows. The k ? ? turbulence model is used, where buoyancy is modelled through an additional term in the k ? ? equations like in mesh‐based methods. We propose a unified framework to prescribe isothermal (Dirichlet) or to impose heat flux (Neumann) wall boundary conditions in incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics. To illustrate this, a theoretical case is presented (laminar heated Poiseuille flow), where excellent agreement with the theoretical solution is obtained. Several benchmark cases are then proposed: a lock‐exchange flow, two laminar and one turbulent flow in differentially heated cavities, and finally a turbulent heated Poiseuille flow. Comparisons are provided with a finite volume approach using an open‐source industrial code. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gravitational migration of fuel in porous media

Fuel migration in a water flowing through a porous medium generally occurs parallel to porous strata, which may not be horizontal. In this case, gravity tends to cause vertical segregation of fluids, depending on their densities. This phenomenon can exert a strong effect on fuel migration. The gravitational force creates the buoyancy force which acts upon the fuel, and may be either parallel or anti-parallel to the water flow direction.In this study, the above effects are investigated using the one-dimensional model of Pistineret al. We go beyond the latter investigation in describing the influence of the gravitational forces upon the movement of fuel saturation fronts in a vertical porous layer against and along the water flow direction.It is found that when the directions of the buoyancy force and of the water flow are anti-parallel, fuel migrates in the direction of the buoyancy force, provided the latter is strong enough. However, in the case of a weak buoyancy force, the direction of migration of the fuel depends on its mass. Small fuel masses move mainly in the direction of the water flow. However, big fuel slugs possessing large masses will move mainly in the direction of the buoyancy force. Slugs, characterized by intermediate masses, have no preferable moving direction and are almost stagnant.     

Direct numerical simulation of a turbulent axisymmetric jet with buoyancy induced acceleration

Direct numerical simulations of an axisymmetric jet with off-source volumetric heat addition are presented in this paper. The system solved here involves a three-way coupling between velocity, concentration and temperature. The computations are performed on a spherical coordinate system, and application of a traction free boundary condition at the lateral edges allows physical entrainment into the computational domain. The Reynolds and Richardson numbers based on local scales employed in the simulations are 1000 and 12 respectively. A strong effect of heat addition on the jet is apparent. Heating causes acceleration of the jet, and an increased dilution due to an increase in entrainment. Further, the streamwise velocity profile is distorted, and the cross-stream velocity is inward for all radial locations for the heated jet. Interestingly, the maximum temperature is realized off-axis and a short distance upstream of the exit of the heat injection zone (HIZ). The temperature width is intermediate between the scalar and velocity widths in the HIZ. Normalized rms of the concentration and temperature increases in the HIZ, whereas that of streamwise, cross-stream and tangential velocities increases rapidly after decreasing. Both mass flux and entrainment are larger for the heated jet as compared to their unheated counterparts. The buoyancy flux increases monotonically in the HIZ, and subsequently remains constant.     

Combined free and forced convection for developed flow in curved pipes with finite curvature ratio

Combined free and forced convection for developed flow in a curved pipe with arbitrary curvature ratio is studied numerically. The curved pipe is heated with axially uniform heat flux, while the wall temperature is maintained peripherally uniform. The buoyancy force is accounted by the Boussinesq approximation. The effects of the Dean, Prandtl, and Rayleigh numbers and especially of a wide range of curvature ratios on the flow resistance and the average heat transfer rate are presented. The significant distortion of the dividing streamline and the appearance of the secondary flow with one dominant cell for pipe flow with higher buoyancy force and curvature ratio are also discussed.     

结构气浮的力学特性研究

对结构气浮的静力和动力力学特性以及稳定性问题进行了研究。假设浮筒内的气体为理想气体，建立了气浮力的计算式；引进气浮力折减系数并结合试验，对气浮结构的动力学特性进行了分析；基于静力平衡，得到了非对称多体气浮结构的初稳性高参数的计算式。理论计算值和试验测算值吻合。提出的气浮力折减系数对气浮体的浮态、稳性和动力学特性都有很大的影响；气浮结构的稳性低于同等情况的普通浮体，采用分舱方法可以提高单体气浮筒的浮稳性。     

对饱和多孔介质波动问题中本构关系的探讨

依据连续介质力学的混合物理论，讨论了饱和多孔介质的波动一般方程。其中考虑了质量耦合、初始压力及其浮力效应等。对于澄清这一研究课题中的某些基本概念，以及完善其理论体系具有重要意义。）其中ｖ￣（２）为速度涨落，于是单位体积内流相的动能为：因此将流相动能的涨落Ｋ￣（２）归于自由能更自然些。又因为当：ｖ￣（２＊）≡ｖ￣１时，即Δｖ＝ｖ￣１－ｖ￣２＝０时ｖ￣（２）＝０，此时Ｋ￣（２）＝０而且显然Ｋ￣（２）随着Δｖ·Δｖ的增大而增大，一个简单的近似是令Ｋ￣（２）＝ρ·Δｖ＿ｋ·Δｖ＿ｋ并且是常数。由此可导出表现质量力。由自由能的非负性质知，所以有．由（４．１３ａ）很容易推出质量密度矩阵的对称性和正定性。参考文献