Mg-Fe-LDHs纳米颗粒的合成及其阴离子交换容量的研究

采用液相共沉淀法合成了镁铁型层状双氢氧化物(简称Mg-Fe-LDHs)纳米颗粒,考察了粒子形貌、化学组成、晶体结构、阴离子交换容量及原料配比的影响.结果表明,所合成样品为片状纳米颗粒,化学组成与原料配比基本一致.在所研究的原料配比范围内,产品中n(Mg):n(Fe)在2:1～4:1范围内,产品具有水滑石层状六方晶系结构.随n(Mg):n(Fe)从2:1增大到4:1,粒径增大(从37.9nm增大到61.2nm),六方晶格参数a降低(变化范围为0.317～0.310nm),而六方晶格参数c增大(变化范围为2.380～2.412nm),层间距增大(从0.793nm增大到0.804nm),阴离子交换容量增大(从0.52mmol/g增大到1.28mmol/g).     

步进扫描差示扫描量热法研究不同链结构的聚乙烯类聚烯烃热力学特性

采用步进扫描差示扫描量热法研究了几种具有不同链结构的聚乙烯类聚烯烃的热力学性质.结果表明,不同链结构的聚烯烃在热力学平衡熔融态下,其绝对比热容的温度依赖性在实验误差范围内几乎相同;而无论链结构的变化如何,在极低温度下稳定结晶态的热容也非常接近.但在熔融温度范围内,比热容对不同聚烯烃的链结构非常敏感,这是由于在远低于聚烯烃主熔化峰温度范围内,聚乙烯晶体结构中的不同支链的影响.在时间-热流的步进扫描曲线中,具有长支链结构的聚烯烃表现出独特的熔融-再结晶行为,这可能是由于交联点之间较长的受约束链段的运动在熔融过程中得到释放并重排所致.     

二次离子电池高比容量负极碳载体的研究进展

二次离子电池商业化负极石墨的比容量已接近理论比容量. 合金型负极和金属负极因具有高比容量而受到广泛关注, 但其循环性能差和安全性问题限制了实际应用, 据此提出载体设计策略. 碳材料具有来源广泛、 易于调控等特性, 常用作二次离子电池高比容量负极的载体. 本文从碳载体的孔结构、 比表面积、 电子导电率、 离子导电率、 杂原子掺杂和界面修饰的角度出发, 综述了其在硅基、 磷基、 锗基、 锡基负极以及金属锂、 钠等负极中的研究进展, 展望了碳载体的发展前景和方向.     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合法合成梳型磺化聚醚醚酮

以带双硫酯取代基聚醚醚酮为大分子链转移剂, 采用可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)法合成不同接枝率的磺化聚醚醚酮(g-SPEEK), 并对其结构进行表征. 在单体/链转移剂/引发剂的投料比(摩尔比)为50:4:1, 温度为70 ℃, 反应24 h, 得到聚合物膜的离子交换容量和吸水率分别为1.312 mmol/g和43.51%, 其溶胀率为5.05%, 低于Nafion膜的11.50%. 热重分析(TGA)结果表明该梳型g-SPEEK具有较好的热力学稳定性, 且该聚合物膜具有与Nafion膜相当的抗氧化性. 在相同的离子交换容量下, 梳型g-SPEEK比主链型SPEEK具有更好的H⁺离子透过性能.     

准固态锂离子电池正极材料柱[5]醌的研究

锂离子电池的有机正极材料由于具有比容量高、环境友好和廉价等优点,近年来成为研究的热点.但是,有机电极材料在液态电解液中的溶解流失易导致其容量迅速衰减,严重限制了它们的实际应用.本工作基于聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)/聚乙二醇的准固态电解质,考察了以柱[5]醌为正极的准固态锂二次电池的电化学性能.结果显示,柱[5]醌正极不仅保持了高容量的特性(首次放电容量410 mA h/g),并且循环寿命得到了有效提高.0.2 C下循环100周后,电极的容量保持率为88.5%,显示了柱[5]醌在高比能量准固态锂离子电池中的应用潜力.     

Studies of heterogeneity properties of selected high-temperature superconductor surfaces

Nitrogen adsorption measured at 77 K was used to characterize the surface heterogeneity of high-temperature superconductor surfaces. Properties relating to adsorption and porosity of the solids (adsorption capacity, specific surface area, radii and volume of the pores, pore-size distribution function) were determined from nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for a series of oxide superconductors. It is shown that the adsorption isotherms of all samples are S-shaped and belong to type II according to the IUPAC classification. On the basis of the nitrogen adsorption isotherms and AFM data, fractal dimensions were determined and correlations found with adsorption and porosity parameters.     

六氨合钴离子交换法测定粘土中阳离子交换容量

六氨合钴离子「Ｃｏ（ＮＨ３）６」＾３＋具有与粘土中主要阳离子（Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｈ＾＋等）交换的能力。稳定性好,并在４７４ｎｍ处有最大吸收。利用分光光度法,以「Ｃｏ（ＮＨ３）６」＾３＋作为交换离子,测定阳离子交换容量。试验表明,在ＰＨ７－８,常温条件下７ｈ交换达到平衡;在８０℃时３ｈ可以达到平衡。粘土中共生的非粘土矿物、游离金离离子不干扰其测定。用该法测得的阳离子交换容量值与氯化铵溶液法,盐基分是测定法测得的结果一致。     

沥青基球状活性炭气相吸脱附行为研究

本文利用热重法研究了一系列沥青基球状活性炭对蒸汽及正已烷蒸汽的动态吸脱附曲线。结果表明,PSAC对苯蒸汽的吸附及再生性能优良。随吸附温度的降低、比表面积的增大、总孔容及微孔容的增大,PSAC对苯蒸汽的吸附容量增大。PSAC对正已烷的吸附速度大于对苯蒸汽的吸附速度,但其对正已烷的平衡吸附容量小于对苯蒸汽的平衡吸附容量。     

Preparation of polymeric monoliths by copolymerization of acrylate monomers with amine functionalities for anion-exchange capillary liquid chromatography of proteins

Two novel polymeric monoliths for anion-exchange capillary liquid chromatography of proteins were prepared in a single step by a simple photoinitiated copolymerization of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), or copolymerization of 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride and PEGDA, in the presence of selected porogens. The resulting monoliths contained functionalities of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) as a weak anion-exchanger and quaternary amine as a strong anion-exchanger, respectively. An alternative weak anion-exchange monolith with DEAE functionalities was also synthesized by chemical modification after photoinitiated copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and PEGDA. Important physical and chromatographic properties of the synthesized monoliths were characterized. The dynamic binding capacities of the three monoliths (24 mg/mL, 56 mg/mL and 32 mg/mL of column volume, respectively) were comparable or superior to values that have been reported for various other monoliths. Chromatographic performance was also similar to that provided by a modified poly(GMA-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith. Separation of standard proteins was achieved under gradient elution conditions using these monolithic columns. Peak capacities of 34, 58 and 36 proteins were obtained with analysis times of 20–30 min. This work represents a successful attempt to prepare functionalized monoliths via direct copolymerization of monomers with desired functionalities. Compared to earlier publications, additional surface modifications were avoided and the PEGDA crosslinker helped to improve the biocompatibility of the monolithic backbone.     

Development and characterization of a magnetic bead-quantum dot nanoparticles based assay capable of Escherichia coli O157:H7 quantification

The development and characterization of a magnetic bead (MB)-quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles based assay capable of quantifying pathogenic bacteria is presented here. The MB-QD assay operates by having a capturing probe DNA selectively linked to the signaling probe DNA via the target genomic DNA (gDNA) during DNA hybridization. The signaling probe DNA is labeled with fluorescent QD₅₆₅ which serves as a reporter. The capturing probe DNA is conjugated simultaneously to a MB and another QD₆₅₅, which serve as a carrier and an internal standard, respectively. Successfully captured target gDNA is separated using a magnetic field and is quantified via a spectrofluorometer. The use of QDs (i.e., QD₅₆₅/QD₆₅₅) as both a fluorescence label and an internal standard increased the sensitivity of the assay. The passivation effect and the molar ratio between QD and DNA were optimized. The MB-QD assay demonstrated a detection limit of 890 zeptomolar (i.e., 10⁻²¹ mol L⁻¹) concentration for the linear single stranded DNA (ssDNA). It also demonstrated a detection limit of 87 gene copies for double stranded DNA (dsDNA) eaeA gene extracted from pure Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 culture. Its corresponding dynamic range, sensitivity, and selectivity were also presented. Finally, the bacterial gDNA of E. coli O157:H7 was used to highlight the MB-QD assay's ability to detect below the minimum infective dose (i.e., 100 organisms) of E. coli O157:H7 in water environment.