Classical fluids of negative heat capacity

It is shown that new parametersX can be defined such that the heat capacity C_xT(S/T)_x is negative, even when the canonical ensemble [i.e., at fixed T=(U/S)_Y and YX] is stable. This implies an extension of the classical theory of polytropes from ideal gases to general fluids. As examples of negative heat capacity systems we treat blackbody radiation and general gas systems with nonsingular _T. For the case of a simple ideal gas we even exhibit an apparatus which enforces a constraint X(p, V)=const that makes C_x<0. We then show that it is possible to infer the statistical mechanics of canonicallyunstable systems-for which even the traditional heat capacities are negative-by imposing constraints that stabilize the associated noncanonical ensembles. Two explicit models are discussed.     

A broad-band constant beam-width array with four elements

This paper describes in detail an acoustical array structure with fourelements that have cosine directivity function over a certain frequency range.The acoustical axis directions of these elements are orthogonal to each other,sotheir beams cover all bearing angles within 360°.By use of the amplitude bear-ing method,it is easy to detect the bearing of incident acoustic signal.A specialsound reflection foam rubber is designed as a back baffle of the array.It hasbeen shown,in practice,that the constant beam-width has been obtained for amultiple frequency band of the ratio of 8:1.The paper also gives a mathematicalmodel for the array structure.The theoretical values are consistent with themeasured results.     

Radiological safety assessment inside ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara

Many archaeological sites in Egypt are unique worldwide, such as ancient tombs and pyramids, because they document fundamental developments in human civilization that took place several thousands of years ago. For this reason, these sites are visited by numerous visitors every year. The present work is devoted to provide a pre-operational radiological baseline needed to quantify occupational radiation exposure at the famous Saqqara region in Cairo, Egypt. A hyperpure Ge detector has been used in the γ-ray spectrometric analysis while the ²²²Rn concentration was measured using a portable radon monitor RTM 1688-2, SARAD. The mean specific activities of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in the samples collected from the interior walls of the Saqqara tombs were determined and found to show average values of 16, 8.5 and 45 Bq kg^?1, respectively. The concentration of radon was measured inside the tombs Serapeum, South tomb and the Zoser Pyramid (fifth level) and an associated average working level of 0.83 WL was obtained. In order to avoid the health hazards associated with the exposure to radon during the long period of work inside these tombs, proposed solutions are introduced.     

X-ray fluorescence intensity distribution in circular specimens

Summary The relative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) intensities for annular source and various annular specimen are measured with a Ge-Li detection system and calculated by the Monte Carlo numerical techniques (MCNT).Kα X-ray intensities of annular specimens with different radii prepared from a pure-molybdenum foil are measured and it is seen that the measured values are in good agreement with the values calculated by MCNT. The variation of the fluorescence intensity due to the collimator radius is also studied. The differences between the MCNT and experimental results are discussed in terms of the possible sources of errors.     

钾原子中由四波,六波混频过程产生的相干辐射

当双光子共振激发钾原子于６Ｓ能级时，由光泵受激辐射，串级受激辐射参与的四波、六波混频以及电离复合的布居过程，产生了位于可见区的诸多相干辐射，文中对混频机制进行了分析和讨论，并对所测得的相干辐射进行了标识。     

Chemisorption of 1,1-dichloroethene on the Si(1 1 1)-7 × 7 surface

Chemisorption of 1,1-dichloroethene (Cl₂CCH₂) to a Si(1 1 1)-7 × 7 surface was studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, recording chlorine 2p and carbon 1s spectra. For carbon 1s, spectral assignment of the chemisorbed species is based on quantum chemical calculations of chemical shifts in model compounds.The results confirm the identity of covalently bonded 1-chlorovinyl (-CClCH₂) and vinylidene (CCH₂) adspecies. Upon chemisorption at room temperature it was found that about one-third of the molecules break one C-Cl bond while about two-thirds of the adsorbates break two C-Cl bonds. We do not, however, find evidence for isomerization of CCH₂ to di-bonded vinylene (-CHCH-).     

Nd:YAG laser synthesis of nanostructural V2O5 from vanadium oxide sols: Morphological and structural characterizations

Vanadium oxide thin films were prepared by sol-gel method, then subjected to Nd:YAG laser (CW, 1064 nm) radiation. The characteristics of the films were changed by varying the intensity of the laser radiation. The nanocrystalline films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD revealed that above 102 W/cm² the original xerogel structure disappears and above 129 W/cm² the films become totally polycrystalline with an orthorhombic structure. From TEM observations, we can see that due to laser radiation, the originally fibrillar-like particles disappear and irregular shaped, layer structured V₂O₅ particles are created. From XPS spectra we can conclude that due to laser radiation the O/V ratio increased with higher intensities.     

正弦平方势与正电子面沟道辐射的一般特征

引入正弦平方势，在经典力学框架内，将面沟道粒子的运动方程化为标准的摆方程，并用Jacobian椭圆函数和椭圆积分解析地给出系统的解和粒子运动周期，导出了正电子面沟道辐射的瞬时辐射强度、平均辐射强度和辐射谱特征.结果表明，沟道辐射频率己进入γ-能区，并指出了利用它作为短波长激光的可能性. 关键词： 沟道辐射 非线性 正弦平方势     

用于同步辐射光源的成像板粉末衍射系统

报道了我们研制的一套成像板粉末衍射装置,对其误差来源进行了详细的分析讨论,并与衍射仪进行了比较.该装置的半径为143.3mm,最大测量角度范围不160°，最大角度(2q )偏差小于0.03°,这些性能指标已被实验所证实,完全可应用于粉末衍射全谱的测量.     

同步辐射X射线成像光束线劳厄双晶单色器设计

上海光源X射线成像光束线采用多极扭摆器(wiggler)作为辐射光源, 提出一种劳厄双弯晶单色器的设计方案. 计算结果显示, 可获得固定出口的平行单色光束, 能量调谐范围覆盖19—120keV, 在33keV时, 输出光子通量及通量密度分别为1.9×10¹³phs/s和3.8×10¹⁰phs/s/mm². 分析了劳厄晶体的聚焦及单色化性能, 计算了输出光子通量及单色器的热负载情况. 与传统的双平晶方案相比, 本设计在获得高通量和解决热负载等方面有明显的优越性, 并能有效控制热形变.