A new synthesis of (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Z,E</Emphasis>)-undec-5-enoic acids,the sex pheromone of the varied carpet beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthrenus verbasci</Emphasis>

A new synthesis of (Z,E)-undec-5-enoic acids with the natural isomer composition Z/E = 85 : 15, the sex pheromone of the varied carpet beetle Anthrenus verbasci was developed based on co-metathesis of cycloocta-1,5-diene and ethylene.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2540–2542, November, 2004.     

(3R,4R)-欧洲榆小蠹聚集信息素的合成

欧洲榆小蠹原产欧洲榆树生长区,美国、加拿大及非洲北部也有分布,其成虫及幼虫蛀食榆树皮,并能传播榆疫病,从而影响榆树生长．Ｐｅａｒｃｅ等分离出其聚集信息素并鉴定其分子结构为（—）４甲基３庚醇（１）［１］,Ｍｏｒｉ等研究结果确定出其天然产物构型为...     

Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activities of Essential Oils against the Pulse Beetle

Pulse beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus, are essential pests of cowpea, gram, soybean and pulses. Application of synthetic insecticides against the pulse beetle has led to insect resistance; insecticide residues on grains affect human health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are the best alternatives to synthetics due to their safety to the environment and health. The main objective of the investigation was to study the chemical composition and insecticidal activities of EOs, their combinations and compounds against the pulse beetle under laboratory. Neo-isomenthol, carvone and β-ocimene are the significant components of tested oils using GC-MS. Mentha spicata showed promising fumigant toxicity against C. chinensis (LC₅₀ = 0.94 µL/mL) and was followed by M. piperita (LC₅₀ = 0.98 µL/mL), whereas M. piperita (LC₅₀ = 0.92 µL/mL) against C. maculatus. A combination of Tagetes minuta + M. piperita showed more toxicity against C. chinensis after 48 h (LC₅₀ = 0.87 µL/mL) than T. minuta + M. spicata (LC₅₀ = 1.07 µL/mL). L-Carvone showed fumigant toxicity against C. chinensis after 48 h (LC₅₀ = 1.19 µL/mL). Binary mixtures of T. minuta +M. piperita and M. spicata showed promising toxicity and synergistic activity. EOs also exhibited repellence and ovipositional inhibition. The application of M. piperita can be recommended for the control of the pulse beetle.     

Structural colors and physical properties of elytra in the jewel beetle,Chrysochroa fulgidissima,using surface analytical techniques

Structural coloration frequently originates from the interaction of light with multilayers of thin films in living organisms. One example where structural colors are created by multilayers is the jewel beetle, Chrysochroa fulgidissima, which has highly iridescent green elytra with longitudinal red stripes. We examine the structure, chemical information, and physical properties of the epicuticle of the jewel beetle by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoindentation, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). AFM and SEM were used to analyze the surface structures of the green elytra and red stripes of the jewel beetle's wing. SEM and TEM images obtained from the cross-sectioned cuticle samples of green and red areas indicated that the color arises from interference reflectors and reflectors consist of successive repeating layers of different electronic densities. Nanoindentation results showed that the green area of the elytron possesses a higher hardness and reduced modulus compared with the red area. To analyze the surface of the elytra and to compare multilayers of the green area with those of the red area, mass spectra and depth profiles were acquired by ToF-SIMS with C₆₀ and Ar cluster ion beams. The epicuticle consists of several layers with alternating high and low abundances of inorganic and organic fragment ions, with approximately 16 layers in the green and 12 layers in the red area. Therefore, ToF-SIMS combined with other analytical techniques indicate that multilayer reflection is a major mechanism of the jewel beetle's iridescence causing structural coloration.     

Synthesis of (S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-ol, the aggregation pheromone ofGnathotrichus sulcatus

An enantioselective (ee−50%) four-step synthesis of (S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-ol (“sulcatol”), which is the aggregation pheromone ofGnathotrichus sulcatus, from 3S,7-dimethylocta-1,6-diene was developed. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 713–717, April, 2000.     

“甲虫和橡胶带问题”研究评述

用所提出的比例方法探讨了"甲虫和橡胶带"问题,还比较了其他方法.     

基于MFCC与神经网络的小蠹声音种类自动鉴别

昆虫发出的各种声音具有种间特异性,是非常可靠的分类依据。利用这一特性,本实验旨在探索一种对昆虫自动分类的新方法。本实验录制了红脂大小蠹、云南切梢小蠹、短毛切梢小蠹和华山松大小蠹4种小蠹虫的胁迫声,利用Adobe Adition2.0对每个声音文件进行降噪,再将其截取成只含有一个脉冲组的声音片段。在MATLAB环境下对这些声音片段进行端点监测并提取12维的MFCC（Mel频率倒谱系数）,然后将此特征参数输入BP神经网络进行训练和检测。设置训练样本数为20、40、60、80、100,4种小蠹检测样本数分别为54、95、54、50,结果显示识别率随着训练样本数的增加而提高,在训练样本量为100时的最高识别率达到98.14%,平均识别率为93.29%,收到了较好的效果。为了验证小蠹种类数对识别率的影响,本实验对4种小蠹进行了两两比较,结果显示总体上高于4种一起识别的结果。     

OPTIMAL TIMING OF SALVAGE HARVEST IN RESPONSE TO A STOCHASTIC INFESTATION

Abstract Following a catastrophic disturbance, forest managers may choose to perform a salvage harvest to recoup timber losses. When the disturbance process evolves stochastically, a unique option value arises associated with the salvage harvest decision. This option value represents the value of postponing a salvage harvest to gain more information about the disturbance process. This paper uses a real options approach to determine how much of a forested area must be infested to trigger a salvage harvest when the forest provides both timber and nontimber values. Analytical results indicate slower rates of forest recovery will optimally delay a salvage harvest while forested areas with large timber values and where nontimber values are more sensitive to the presence of dead and dying trees should be harvested more immediately. The model is applied to a mountain pine beetle outbreak in Idaho's Sawtooth National Forest using readily available aerial detection survey data.     

Photonic nanoarchitectures in butterflies and beetles: valuable sources for bioinspiration

Nature began developing photonic nanoarchitectures millions of years before humankind. Often, in the living world, color is a communication channel that may influence the chance of the individual surviving as well as the chance to reproduce. Therefore, natural color‐generating structures are highly optimized by many millennia of evolution. In this review, a survey is presented of the development of natural photonic crystal‐type nanoarchitectures occurring in butterflies and beetles from the standpoint of physics and materials science, covering the past ten years. One‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional structures are reviewed, emphasizing the role that disorder, or irregularity, may play in natural nanoarchitectures to achieve certain visual effects. The characterization, modeling methods, and rapidly growing number of bioinspired or biomimetic applications are discussed.