高压火花隙开关中气体冷却的数值模拟

高温气体的冷却对火花隙开关的重复运行具有重要的影响。利用流体方程、热传导方程和理想气体状态方程构建的方程组,对火花隙开关中高温气体冷却的过程进行了数值模拟。分析了气体导热系数、粘性系数、对流及气体压强等要素对气体冷却速度的影响,得到了气体冷却的基本规律：火花隙开关内气体的冷却以传导为主;若不采用其他手段,气体在十几ms内冷却较困难;对流的作用经数十ms后才显著;气体的粘性系数对气体冷却的影响可以忽略。可以通过选用导热系数高的气体,优化电极结构或采用吹气方法提高气体冷却速度的办法。     

Diastereoselectivity is in the Details: Minor Changes Yield Major Improvements to the Synthesis of Bedaquiline**

Bedaquiline is a crucial medicine in the global fight against tuberculosis, yet its high price places it out of reach for many patients. Herein, we describe improvements to the key industrial lithiation-addition sequence that enable a higher yielding and therefore more economical synthesis of bedaquiline. Prioritization of mechanistic understanding and multi-lab reproducibility led to optimized reaction conditions that feature an unusual base-salt pairing and afford a doubling of the yield of racemic bedaquiline. We anticipate that implementation of these improvements on manufacturing scale will be facile, thereby substantially increasing the accessibility of this essential medication.     

滑移爆轰驱动下飞板运动姿态的连续电阻测试法

飞板运动姿态的测定是爆炸焊接机理研究的基础,针对传统电测方法存在干扰因素多、易产生弯曲波等缺陷,设计了一种适用于野外大当量下爆炸焊接飞板姿态实验的连续电阻测试方法。研制了3种不同结构的梯形支架型连续电阻探针元件,利用有限元程序分析了探针的导通压力和响应时间,在此基础上,对3种探针实施了爆炸焊接实验,实验结果表明:金属丝网型探针元件具有最优的导通效果,各段测试曲线光滑无毛刺。以该探针数据计算获得了待测飞板的运动姿态曲线,并与Richter简化模型下的近似计算公式结果进行了对比,两者基本一致。所述测试方法实现了炸药爆速和飞板变形曲线的连续、可靠和快速测量,为滑移爆轰驱动问题、爆轰产物状态方程等的研究提供了测试方法补充。     

多体系统动力学碰撞问题研究综述

对近年来多体系统碰撞动力学研究进展进行了评述,包括碰撞动力学建模理论、数值算法和实验方面的进展情况.根据各自不同假设条件将建模方法分为冲量动量法、连续碰撞力模型和基于连续介质力学的有限元方法,比较了各种建模方法在碰撞过程描述和数值性态方面的优势和局限性;对碰撞动力学实验在非接触式测量方面取得的最新进展进行了介绍,总结了实验对以上建模理论的验证研究,展示了实验研究方面的一些新发现.最后基于工程实际的需求提出多体系统碰撞动力学面临的新挑战.      

高变质福建无烟煤连续流化床混合气催化气化

连续流化床（内径123mm、高1．2m）中,采用工业纯碱（碳酸钠）为催化剂进行了高变质程度无烟煤一福建永安煤（低挥发分k=5．47％、高灰Aad=29．45％）混合气（空气／水蒸气）催化气化的研究,考察了催化剂质量分数、气化温度、水汽比等操作参数的影响。实验结果表明,工业纯碱作为催化剂添加5％可使碳转化率增加3倍,实现了煤的高效转化;气化温度有明显催化气化促进作用,超过900℃时,流化床内易结渣。从同时满足高产气率及高煤气热值两个指标出发,在适宜操作条件（碳酸钠质量分数5％、850℃～880℃、适宜水汽比）下,产气率提高2倍,从无催化剂时的2．13m^3／kg～2．15m^3／kg提高到4．2m^3／kg～5．1m^3／kg;煤气热值提高5倍,从1．0MJ／m^3左右提高到5．0MJ／m^3;表明工业纯碱进行高变质福建无烟煤流化床混合气催化气化具有重要的工业应用价值和现实的开发意义。     

Projections from

Let and be two infinite dimensional real Banach spaces. The following question is classical and long-standing. Are the following properties equivalent?

a) There exists a projection from the space of continuous linear operators onto the space of compact linear operators.

b) .

The answer is positive in certain cases, in particular if or has an unconditional basis. It seems that there are few results in the direction of a general solution. For example, suppose that and are reflexive and that or has the approximation property. Then, if , there is no projection of norm 1, from onto . In this paper, one obtains, in particular, the following result:

Theorem. Let be a real Banach space which is reflexive (resp. with a separable dual), of infinite dimension, and such that has the approximation property. Let be a real scalar with . Then can be equivalently renormed such that, for any projection from onto , one has . One gives also various results with two spaces and .

     

Order topology and bi-Scott topology on a poset

In this paper, some properties of order topology and bi-Scott topology on a poset are obtained. Order-convergence in posets is further studied. Especially, a sufficient and necessary condition for order-convergence to be topological is given for some kind of posets.     

A Staged Continuous Tabu Search Algorithm for the Global Optimization and its Applications to the Design of Fiber Bragg Gratings

A novel staged continuous Tabu search (SCTS) algorithm is proposed for solving global optimization problems of multi-minima functions with multi-variables. The proposed method comprises three stages that are based on the continuous Tabu search (CTS) algorithm with different neighbor-search strategies, with each devoting to one task. The method searches for the global optimum thoroughly and efficiently over the space of solutions compared to a single process of CTS. The effectiveness of the proposed SCTS algorithm is evaluated using a set of benchmark multimodal functions whose global and local minima are known. The numerical test results obtained indicate that the proposed method is more efficient than an improved genetic algorithm published previously. The method is also applied to the optimization of fiber grating design for optical communication systems. Compared with two other well-known algorithms, namely, genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA), the proposed method performs better in the optimization of the fiber grating design.     

Core–shell column Tanaka characterization and additional tests using active pharmaceutical ingredients

In the last decade, core–shell particles have gained more and more attention in fast liquid chromatography separations due to their comparable performance with fully porous sub‐2 μm particles and their significantly lower back pressure. Core–shell particles are made of a solid core surrounded by a shell of classic fully porous material. To embrace the developed core–shell column market and use these columns in pharmaceutical analytical applications, 17 core–shell C₁₈ columns purchased from various vendors with various dimensions (50 mm × 2.1 mm to 100 mm × 3 mm) and particle sizes (1.6–2.7 μm) were characterized using Tanaka test protocols. Furthermore, four selected active pharmaceutical ingredients were chosen as test probes to investigate the batch to batch reproducibility for core–shell columns of particle size 2.6–2.7 μm, with dimension of 100 × 3 mm and columns of particle size 1.6 μm, with dimension 100 × 2.1 mm under isocratic elution. Columns of particle size 2.6–2.7 μm were also tested under gradient elution conditions. To confirm the claimed comparable efficiency of 2.6 μm core–shell particles as sub‐2 μm fully porous particles, column performances of the selected core–shell columns were compared with BEH C₁₈, 1.7 μm, a fully porous column material as well.     

Asymptotics of First-Passage Time Over a One-Sided Stochastic Boundary

We study the asymptotic behavior of the first-passage times for Brownian motion, Lévy processes and continuous martingales over one-sided increasing stochastic, as well as deterministic, boundaries. In particular, we study the first-passage time of a Brownian motion over the increasing function of its local time, give necessary and sufficient conditions for t ^–1/2 asymptotics, and obtain exact asymptotics for linear functions.