Coherent backscattering of light by a layer of discrete random medium

We consider the problem of backscattering of light by a layer of discrete random medium illuminated by an obliquely incident plane electromagnetic wave. The multiply scattered reflected radiation is assumed to consist of incoherent and coherent parts, the coherent part being caused by the interference of multiply scattered waves. Formulas describing the characteristics of the reflected radiation are derived assuming that the scattering particles are spherical. The formula for the incoherent contribution reproduces the standard vector radiative transfer equation. The interference contribution is expressed in terms of a system of Fredholm integral equations with kernels containing Bessel functions. The special case of the backscattering direction is considered in detail. It is shown that the angular width of the backscattering interference peak depends on the polar angle of the incident wave and on the azimuth angle of the reflection direction.     

Experimental Study of Laser Bistatic Scattering from Random Deeply Rough Surface and Backscattering Enhancement

The laser bistatic scattering from some deeply rough plane samples are measured by using of the automated scattering measurement system. We observe the backscattering enhancement, which is confined to a narrow cone around the antispecular direction, and discuss the influences of roughness and dielectric properties on them.     

Stimulated Brillouin backscattering in magnetized plasmas

Stimulated Brillouin backscattering (SBBS) from a magnetized homogeneous plasma is investigated. Effect of a dc–magnetic field on SBBS growth rate is obtained and compared with that for non–magnetized plasmas. Numerical calculations show an increase in the instability growth rate for small magnetic fields, then a decrease in the growth rate as the magnetic field increases till a cut–off field is reached, beyond which SBBS is brought to stability. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A mechanism for water splitting and hydrogen absorbing functions of metal–oxide layered hydrogen storage materials studied by means of ion beam analysis

This review describes a study of catalytic functions of water splitting at the surface and hydrogen gas emitting from the bulk of metal–oxide layered materials as well as hydrogen storage materials as its application by means of the ion beam analysis techniques. First are described a microscopic model for water splitting at the oxide surface and mass balance equations for hydrogen atoms in the bulk. The latter is a mathematical expression of a one‐way diffusion model proposed for an anomalous isotope effect in D–H and H–D replacements of both deuterium (D) implanted into perovskite oxide ceramics by protium (H) in H₂O vapour and the vise versa. The latter model brings about finding of catalytic functions of water splitting at the surface and hydrogen gas emitting from the bulk. Second, experimental results on the anomalous isotope effect are presented and the D–H replacement rates are described in detail. Subsequently are shown results on H₂ gas emission measured with a Bach method, which give a clear evidence for the water splitting and hydrogen gas emitting catalytic functions of the oxide surface. Finally, we present experimental data on the hydrogen absorption and emission characteristics of the metal–oxide layered hydrogen storage materials as an application of the water splitting and hydrogen absorbing catalysts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Angularly resolved backscattering of light from turbid suspensions of dielectric spheres

An analytic expression for the angular dependency of light backscattered from turbid suspensions of dielectric spheres that accounts for multiple-scattering effects is developed. The multiple-scattering model expresses backscattered light as a convolution of the phase function and a kernel representing the effects of forward scattering, multiplied by the optical thickness of the slab. Excellent agreement between Monte Carlo simulations and the analytic expressions is demonstrated for optical thicknesses of 0.1-4. The results are important for goniometric sizing measurements of biological cells and cellular organelles using elastically backscattered light.     

Maxwell's equations, radiative transfer, and coherent backscattering: A general perspective

This tutorial paper provides a general overview of the hierarchy of problems involving electromagnetic scattering by particles and clarifies the place of the radiative transfer theory and the theory of coherent backscattering in the context of classical electromagnetics. The self-consistent microphysical approach to radiative transfer is compared with the traditional phenomenological treatment.     

掺Mo对NiSi薄膜热稳定性的改善

报导了在镍薄膜中掺入少量Mo提高了镍硅化物的热稳定性.结果表明，经650— 800℃快速热 退火形成的Ni(Mo)Si硅化物薄膜电阻值较低，约为2．4(Ω／□).XRD分析表明薄膜中只存在 NiSi相，而没有NiSi₂生成.由吉布斯自由能理论分析表明在Ni薄膜中掺人5．9 ％Mo对改善 Ni硅化物热稳定性起到至关重要的作用.经650—800℃快速热退火后的 Ni(Mo)Si／Si肖特基 二极管电学特性良好，势垒高度Φ_B为0．64—0．66eV，理想因子接近于1，更 进一步证明掺少量的Mo能够改善NiSi薄膜的热稳定性. 关键词： 镍硅化物 快速热退火 x射线衍射分析 卢瑟福背散射     

电离层回波多普勒谱的预处理

基于一种新型的电离层斜向返回探测系统，针对其不同于传统高频天波雷达的回波谱特点，提出了一种回波预处理方法．该方法通过最大值搜索法进行地波定标、平均插值法消除盲区和统计阈值法消除射频干扰，然后将探测得到的数据进行处理．结果表明，处理后的回波谱真实有效地反映了电离层状态，射频干扰得到了有效抑制（衰减了6～7dB）．     

H+2，H+3团簇离子在沟道条件下的背散射 质子产额测量

采用卢瑟福背散射方法，测得了每质子能量为650 keV的H⁺₂，H+₃团簇离子在Si晶体<100>和<110>沟道条件下的质子背散射能谱.结果发现，由于H⁺₂，H⁺₃团簇在晶体中的库仑爆炸和团簇效应，H⁺₂的背散射质子产额大于H ⁺的背散射产额，而H^{+< 关键词： 团簇 沟道效应 库仑爆炸 背散射}     

Directional radiometry and radiative transfer: A new paradigm

Measurements with directional radiometers and calculations based on the radiative transfer equation (RTE) have been at the very heart of weather and climate modeling and terrestrial remote sensing. The quantification of the energy budget of the Earth's climate system requires exquisite measurements and computations of the incoming and outgoing electromagnetic energy, while global characterization of climate system's components relies heavily on theoretical inversions of observational data obtained with various passive and active instruments. The same basic problems involving electromagnetic energy transport and its use for diagnostic and characterization purposes are encountered in numerous other areas of science, biomedicine, and engineering. Yet both the discipline of directional radiometry and the radiative transfer theory (RTT) have traditionally been based on phenomenological concepts many of which turn out to be profound misconceptions. Contrary to the widespread belief, a collimated radiometer does not, in general, measure the flow of electromagnetic energy along its optical axis, while the specific intensity does not quantify the amount of electromagnetic energy transported in a given direction.The recently developed microphysical approach to radiative transfer and directional radiometry is explicitly based on the Maxwell equations and clarifies the physical nature of measurements with collimated radiometers and the actual content of the RTE. It reveals that the specific intensity has no fundamental physical meaning besides being a mathematical solution of the RTE, while the RTE itself is nothing more than an intermediate auxiliary equation. Only under special circumstances detailed in this review can the solution of the RTE be used to compute the time-averaged local Poynting vector as well as be measured by a collimated radiometer. These firmly established facts make the combination of the RTE and a collimated radiometer useful in a well-defined range of applications. However, outside the domain of validity of the RTT the practical usefulness of measurements with collimated radiometers remains uncertain, while the theoretical modeling of these measurements and the solution of the energy-budget problem require a more sophisticated approach than solving the RTE.