过渡态理论在化学体系中的2个应用实例*

在大学本科一二年级的物理化学教学中,化学动力学章节的学习涉及到对不同时间尺度的认识。本文利用过渡态理论得到的速率常数表达公式,以乙烷分子碳/碳单键旋转和水分子氢键交换的动力学过程为例,对这2个应用实例的动力学过程所发生的时间尺度做出估算。这些时间尺度的估算对于学生理解不同动力学过程的物理图像至关重要,同时也有助于加强学生对重要公式的理解并能够将这些公式在化学体系中灵活运用。     

Fabrication and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanowire Based Two-electrode Capacitive Biosensors on Flexible Substrates for Estimating Glucose Content in a Sample

The present work deals with fabrication and characterization of the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire based novel two-electrode capacitive biosensors on flexible Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates for accurate estimation of glucose by analyzing the fundamental dielectric nature of the relevant sample. The morphology and crystalline quality of grown nanowires are analyzed by using field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively. Current and capacitance values of the device have been studied for ten different glucose concentrations relevant to the physiological standards. The analytical performance of the devices in terms of enzyme activity, reliability and flexibility has also been evaluated.     

ECM and SAGE based joint estimation of timing and frequency offset for DMIMO–OFDM system

Distributed multiple-input multiple-output (DMIMO) technology is a key enabler of coverage extension and enhancement of link reliability in wireless networks through distributed spatial diversity. DMIMO employs classic relay channels in between the source and the destination to opportunistically form a virtual antenna array (VAA) for emulating cooperative diversity. Use of multiple antennas at the relays further increases capacity and reliability of the relay–destination channel through multiplexing and diversity of MIMO antennas respectively. In such network, the signal received at the destination is characterized by multiple timing offsets (MTO) due to different propagation delay and multiple carrier frequency offsets (MCFO) due to independent oscillators of the relays. Hence, synchronization becomes a crucial issue in DMIMO in order to realize the distributed coherence. In this paper, we address joint estimation of MCFO and MTO in DMIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with MIMO configuration at the relays for estimate-and-forward (EF) relaying protocol. Two iterative algorithms, based on expectation conditional maximization (ECM) and space alternating generalized expectation–maximization (SAGE) are proposed for joint estimation in presence of inter carrier interference (ICI). The robustness of both the estimators to ICI is evaluated by mathematical analysis and supported by extensive simulations. The performance of the proposed estimators is assessed in terms of mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER). The theoretical Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of estimator error variance is also derived.     

Optimal estimation of the diffusion coefficient from non-averaged and averaged noisy magnitude data

The magnitude operation changes the signal distribution in MRI images from Gaussian to Rician. This introduces a bias that must be taken into account when estimating the apparent diffusion coefficient. Several estimators are known in the literature. In the present paper, two novel schemes are proposed. Both are based on simple least squares fitting of the measured signal, either to the median (MD) or to the maximum probability (MP) value of the Probability Density Function (PDF). Fitting to the mean (MN) or a high signal-to-noise ratio approximation to the mean (HS) is also possible. Special attention is paid to the case of averaged magnitude images. The PDF, which cannot be expressed in closed form, is analyzed numerically. A scheme for performing maximum likelihood (ML) estimation from averaged magnitude images is proposed. The performance of several estimators is evaluated by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. We focus on typical clinical situations, where the number of acquisitions is limited. For non-averaged data the optimal choice is found to be MP or HS, whereas uncorrected schemes and the power image (PI) method should be avoided. For averaged data MD and ML perform equally well, whereas uncorrected schemes and HS are inadequate. MD provides easier implementation and higher computational efficiency than ML. Unbiased estimation of the diffusion coefficient allows high resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and may therefore help solving the problem of crossing fibers encountered in white matter tractography.     

Adaptive RAKE receiver in chaos based pilot-added DS-CDMA system

This paper presents the theoretical analysis of adaptive multiuser RAKE receiver scheme in frequency selective fading channel for direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system. Least mean square (LMS) algorithm is used to estimate the channel coefficients. Chaotic sequences are used as spreading sequence and corresponding bit error rate (BER) in closed form is derived for imperfect channel estimation conditions. Performances of chaotic sequences are compared with pseudorandom noise (PN) sequences. Under perfect synchronization assumption, various simulation results are shown to investigate the performance of the proposed system.     

多维矢量矩阵变换域的运动矢量估计

为了实现对视频中运动目标的运动矢量估计,建立了多维矢量矩阵变换域运动估计系统,在变换域对运动视频中运动目标形成的多维能量集中平面进行研究。首先,介绍了多维矢量矩阵理论、变换理论以及运动目标在变换域形成能量集中平面的理论推导;然后,采用平面拟合的方法,求取运动矢量的大小;最后,分析对比了几种方法的效果和迭代速度。实验结果表明:多维矢量矩阵变换域的运动平面拟合方法估计的运动矢量精度达到10^-2 pixel,提供了一种变换域运动矢量估计的高精度方法。     

导弹发射姿态测量方法研究

针对导弹发射姿态测量问题,提出采用高速摄像机通过斜瞄和平瞄姿态测量方法求解导弹中轴线俯仰角和方位角,仿真典型导弹起飞段近距离姿态测量,分析两种测量方法对导弹飞行姿态测量精度和适用性。仿真结果表明:平瞄和斜瞄姿态测量方法,测量误差在0.2°以内。斜瞄方式使用更便捷,通用性好。平瞄方式测量精度高,数据处理方法、机械结构相对简单,在适合的应用场合优势明显。此分析方法、分析结果为姿态测量方法选取和研究等提供一种可行的途径,也可为其它运动目标的姿态测量提供借鉴。     

Improved Kinetic Rate Constants for Nylon 6, Nylon 6,6, and Nylon 6/6,6 Copolymer

Nylon 6 and 6,6 literature data are collected over a wide range of water concentrations and temperatures (0 ≤ [W]₀ ≤ 40.8 wt%, 200 ≤ T ≤300 °C) and used to fit parameters in an updated batch reactor model. The resulting copolymerization model uses side reactions to account for the complex influence of water on kinetics and reaction equilibria. The proposed parameter estimates result in a significant improvement in the fit to the data, corresponding to a 73% reduction in the weighted‐least‐squares objective function compared to when the parameters of Arai et al. are used. Copolymerization simulations are conducted at industrially relevant conditions, shedding light on the complex influence of water and on the potential to include waste nylon 6 cyclic dimer in the feedstock. The model and parameter estimates will be helpful in future models of nylon 6/6,6 copolymerization in continuous reactor systems.     

农残水平测试中数据多态性分析及指定值估计研究

对全国农残水平测试中毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯数据进行统计分析,在数据统计分布特征研究基础上,使用内核密度估计进行数据多态性分析,使用bootstrap模拟取样法对数据样本值重复取样,以获得稳健的水平测试样品待测物含量代表值估计、标准误差及置信区间描述,证明以bootstrap模拟取样法获取的均值与标准偏差作为有限单次样本代表值是合理、有效的,解决了四分位稳健统计方法对非正态多态分布代表值估计不稳定问题及取样理论中取样样本数限制的瓶颈,为能力验证计划指定值的获取提供了一种新方法。