Ionization states of cosmic rays:Anuradha (IONS) experiment in Spacelab-3

The measurements of the ionization states, composition, energy spectra and spatial distribution of heavy ions of helium to iron of energies 10–100 MeV/amu in the anomalous cosmic rays are of major importance in understanding their origin which is unknown at present.Anuradha (IONS) cosmic ray experiment in Spacelab-3 was designed to determine the above properties in near earth space and this had a highly successful flight and operations aboard the shuttle Challenger at an orbital altitude of 352 km during 29 April to 6 May 1985. The instrument employs solid state nuclear track detectors (CR-39) of high sensitivity and large collecting area of about 800 cm² and determines the arrival time information of particles with active elements. Experimental methods, flight operations and preliminary results are briefly described. Initial results indicate that relatively high fluxes of low energy cosmic ray α-particles, oxygen group and heavier ions were obtained. The flight period corresponded to that of quiet Sun and the level of solar activity was close to solar minimum. It is estimated that about 10,000 events of low energy cosmic ray alpha particles with time annotation are recorded in the detector together with similar number of events of oxygen and heavier ions of low energy cosmic rays. The authors felicitate Prof. D S Kothari on his eightieth birthday and dedicate this paper to him on this occasion.     

用低杂波驱动电流的等离子体电导率

本文用Liu的低杂波驱动电流模型,导出了弱场近似下低杂波驱动电流的等离子体电导率。结果表明,电导率对磁场B_0,电子密度n_0,以及电子温度T_e非常敏感。而这些参量决定着共振电子的数目和速度。     

中子星内壳层的物态方程和质子丰度

求解了恒定均匀的强磁场中核子的能谱和波函数，在手征表象中给出含核子反常磁矩(AMM)项的Dirac方程的解；并且计算了中子星内壳层物质的物态方程(EOS)和粒子丰度，发现在强磁场中磁能将使中子星内壳层的压强增加但物质仍然是丰中子，AMM项对质子的极化度有明显效应.     

Anomalous small‐angle X‐ray scattering characterization of composites based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), zirconium phosphates,and zirconium oxide

The morphology and distribution of zirconium oxide and zirconium phosphates in a matrix of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) were investigated with anomalous small‐angle X‐ray scattering (ASAXS) and electron microscopy. ASAXS revealed that ZrO₂ was distributed in the SPEEK matrix in the form of nanoparticles smaller than 13 Å. A decrease in the conductivity suggested that the sulfonic groups were bound to the zirconium oxo species at the particle surface. Furthermore, two kinds of membranes containing zirconium phosphate were investigated. In one case, the phosphate was directly dispersed in the polymer solution for the casting of the membrane. In the other case, the phosphate was previously treated with n‐propyl ammonium and polybenzimidazole. From ASAXS data, the fractal dimension could be estimated. Mass‐fractal behavior was confirmed for the SPEEK membrane containing previously exfoliated zirconium phosphate, with aggregates of 6.3–165 Å. Surface‐fractal behavior was detected for membranes with untreated phosphates, with aggregates of 6.4–185 Å. The untreated phosphates caused an increase in the permeability, without changing the proton conductivity much. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 567–575, 2004     

Synthesis of trans -N-2-aryl(heteryl)ethenamidines

2-Amino-2-arylethylamides1 carrying electron-donating substituents in thepara position are transformed by hot POC1₃ to the the title compounds2, presumably via iminochlorides 7 and imidazolium derivatives8. Amides lacking this para-substituent give rise to chloroamidines11 under these conditions.m-Methoxyphenethylamide1t and POCl₃ form, besides11f, an isoquinoline derivative3. The involvement of an imidazolium compound8 in the formation of ethenamidines has been verified by the synthesis of2a from10. Reaction of amide1w with PCl₅ in the cold leads to, besides the chloroamidine11c, thecis-ethenamidine12 which equilibrates with thetrans-isomer2o in hot toluene. Thienylethyl urea13 converted by hot POCl₃ to the imidazoline16, while phenylpropylamide17 forms only the iminochloride18a. Contribution No. 752 from Research Centre     

相对折射率趋近于1的颗粒Mie散射与反常衍射的分析比较

利用Ｍｉｅ散射与反常衍射理论的数值计算，对球形颗粒Ｍｉｅ散射和反常衍射作了大量详细的计算和分析比较，提出了相对折射率趋近于１的颗粒的反常衍射近似替代Ｍｉｅ散射的判据。     

高能多粒子产生反常标度性研究中的相空间变量选择

讨论高能多粒子产生反常标度性研究中的各种相空间变量选择.为了克服几种常用的横向相空间变量的缺点,引入了一组新的横向变量.这组变量在讨论高能多粒子产生中的反常标度性时有优越性.给出了这组新变量的统计分布及数值特征,讨论了它们之间的独立性,给出了相应的累积变量.     

Lyapunov exponents and anomalous diffusion of a Lorentz gas with infinite horizon using approximate zeta functions

We compute the Lyapunov exponent, the generalized Lyapunov exponents, and the diffusion constant for a Lorentz gas on a square lattice, thus having infinite horizon. Approximate zeta functions, written in terms of probabilities rather than periodic orbits, are used in order to avoid the convergence problems of cycle expansions. The emphasis is on the relation between the analytic structure of the zeta function, where a branch cut plays an important role, and the asymptotic dynamics of the system. The Lyapunov exponent for the corresponding map agrees with the conjectured limit _map = -2 log(R) + C + O(R) and we derive an approximate value for the constantC in good agreement with numerical simulations. We also find a diverging diffusion constantD(t)logt and a phase transition for the generalized Lyapunov exponents.     

Research on the apodizing functions for FTS

A new set of apodizing functions suitable for Fourier transform spectrometers is presented. For this set, two particular functions are discussed in detail. The experimental results show that their characteristics are superior to those of now commonly used in FTS.     

Formation mechanism of anomalous “golf ball-like” composite polymer particles by seeded emulsion polymerization

Recently, the authors found that anomalous polystyrene/polybutyl acrylate composite particles, whose surfaces had many dents, were produced by emulsifier-free seeded emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate with polystyrene seed particles. Such a particle was named a golf ball-like particle. In this article, the morphology and the formation mechanism of the golf ball-like composite polymer particles were studied.Part CLV of the series Studies on Suspension and Emulsion