Die Strahlensterilisation zur Bekämpfung von Pflanzensehädlingen in der Landwirtsehaft

Eines der wichtigstcn Probleme der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion ist der Schutz der Pflanzen vor Schadlingen, Erkrankungen und Unkraut. An der Lösung dieses äußerst wichtigen und gleichzeitig kompliziortcn Problems arbeiten viele Wissenschaftler und Praktiker, und es wurden auf diesem Gebiet bedeutende Erfolge erziclt.

Die Amvendung verschiedener Bekampfungsmethoden (agrotechnischer, biologischer,chemiseherusw.)führt zueiner wesentlichen Verringerung der Verluste, die der Lantlwirtschaft durch Scbädlinge zngefügt werden.

Ungeachtet desscn, daß auf dem Gebiet des Pflanzensehutzes große Fortschritte gemacht wurden, sind die Ernteverluste durch Schädlinge in der Landwirtschaft noch groß. So gehen der Landwirtschaft unseres Landes allein bei 8 Hauptkulturen jährlich Produkte im Wert von einigen Milliarden Rubel verloren. Nach statistischen Angaben der FAO der UNO vernichten Insekten und Nagetiero im Weltmaßstab jährlich eine solche Menge an Getreide, die zur Ernährung von 200 Millionen enschen fiber em Jahr ausreichen würde.

Daraus folgt, daß der Schutz der Pflanzen vor Schädlingen, Krankhcitcn und Unkraut eine der wichtigsten Quellen für die Ertragssteigerung landivirtschaftlicher Kulturen ist.     

Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy to Biochemical,Food, and Agricultural Processes

Abstract

Integrated investigations on infrared spectroscopic characteristics of metabolites and on applications of infrared spectroscopy to foodstuff production, food processing, and tasting are described. As the important metabolites, saccharides, which play very important roles in various functions, located in the central position of the metabolic pathways, were selected, and the spectral features of the saccharides and related materials are discussed. Additionally, the applications of spectral analysis to the monitoring of the enzyme reaction and the sugar metabolic processes, which are the main materials in food processing, are described. Furthermore, the studies on the spectroscopic measurements during the cultivation of agricultural products as foodstuffs and in the tasting as the final quality evaluation of foods are represented. These results suggest that infrared spectroscopy could be very effective for evaluating foodstuff production and the tasting of the processed foods and that the applied topics should provide fundamental information about the spectral behavior of the metabolites and bioproducts.     

Energy Properties and Biomass Yield of Miscanthus x Giganteus Fertilized by Municipal Sewage Sludge

The application of municipal sewage sludge as fertilizer in the production of non-food energy crops is an environmentally and economically sustainable approach to sewage sludge management. In addition, the application of municipal sewage sludge to energy crops such as Miscanthus x giganteus is an alternative form of recycling nutrients and organic material from waste. Municipal sewage sludge is a potential source of heavy metals in the soil, some of which can be removed by growing energy crops that are also remediation agents. Therefore, the objective of the research was to investigate the effect of municipal sewage sludge applied at three different rates of 1.66, 3.22 and 6.44 t/ha on the production of Miscanthus. Based on the analyses conducted on the biomass of Miscanthus fertilized with sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in three fertilization treatments, it can be concluded that the biomass of Miscanthus is a good feedstock for the process of direct combustion. Moreover, the application of the largest amount of municipal sewage sludge during cultivation had no negative effect on the properties of Miscanthus biomass. Moreover, the cellulose and hemicellulose content of Miscanthus is ideal for the production of second-generation liquid biofuels. Fertilizer treatments had no effect on the content of cellulose and lignin, while a significant statistical difference was found for hemicellulose.     

Enhancing the Decolorization of Methylene Blue Using a Low-Cost Super-Absorbent Aided by Response Surface Methodology

The presence of organic dyes from industrial wastewater can cause pollution and exacerbate environmental problems; therefore, in the present work, activated carbon was synthesized from locally available oil palm trunk (OPT) biomass as a low-cost adsorbent to remove synthetic dye from aqueous media. The physical properties of the synthesized oil palm trunk activated carbon (OPTAC) were analyzed by SEM, FTIR-ATR, and XRD. The concurrent effects of the process variables (adsorbent dosage (g), methylene blue (MB) concentration (mg/L), and contact time (h)) on the MB removal percentage from aqueous solution were studied using a three-factor three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM), followed by the optimization of MB adsorption using OPTAC as the adsorbent. Based on the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the three parameters considered, adsorbent dosage (X₁) is the most crucial parameter, with an F-value of 1857.43, followed by MB concentration (X₂) and contact time (X₃) with the F-values of 95.60 and 29.48, respectively. Furthermore, the highest MB removal efficiency of 97.9% was achieved at the optimum X₁, X₂, and X₃ of 1.5 g, 200 mg/L, and 2 h, respectively.     

近红外光谱技术在土壤养分分析中的研究进展及应用前景

精准农业是近年来国际上农业科学研究的热点领域,是现代信息技术和传统农业紧密结合的产物。近红外光谱技术(NIRS)作为一种无损、实时、准确的分析手段,在土壤学领域的应用逐渐得到了人们的重视,是实现精准农业的有效手段之一。对其目前在土壤学领域的应用进行了介绍和分析,认为NIRS在土壤学领域的发展方向应该是田间信息实时采集技术,即在田间条件下利用便携式NIRS分析仪对土壤养分和农作物苗情进行实时分析和处理,另外NIRS还可以与空间遥感技术相结合,宏观掌握农作物所需营养及其长势信息,从根本上改变我国粗放型农业现状。     

新疆区域农业品牌价值最大化及其评价指标与模型

基于对区域农业品牌和新疆区域农业品牌发展的研究综述,应用产品整体概念理论探讨了新疆农产品多层面产品要素的品牌化和综合品牌价值最大化,分析了支撑新疆农产品品牌价值最大化的产业链管理与创新,构建了新疆农业品牌价值最大化评价指标体系,并请新疆的11位农业专家进行评分,应用AHP方法得到了各指标的权重,构建了定量评价模型,以库尔勒香梨为案例,应用模糊综合评价方法测度了特定农产品品种的区域品牌价值,明确了新疆区域农业品牌发展面临的薄弱环节,为新疆政府和企业的品牌农业决策提供了理论依据.     

An Operations Research Approach to the Problem of the Sugarcane Selection

Selection for superior clones is the most important aspect of sugar cane improvement programs, and is a long and expensive process. While studies have investigated different components of selection independently, there has not been a whole system approach to improve the process. This study observes the problem as an integrated system, where if one parameter changes the state of the whole system changes. A computer based stochastic simulation model that accurately represents the selection was developed. This paper describes the simulation model, showing its accuracy as well as how a combination of dynamic programming and branch and bound can be applied to the model to optimise the selection system, giving a new application of these techniques. The model can be directly applied to any region targeted by sugarcane breeding programs or to other clonally propagated crops.     

中心化开放式大学物理实验教学管理系统的设计

研究型大学建设背景下,农林院校大学物理实验实行中心化开放式教学,有效发挥公共基础课教学的基础性作用,具有十分重要的意义.根据高等农林院校中心化开放式教学的特点,采用B/S和C/S混合模式,设计了中心化开放式大学物理实验教学管理系统.该系统的使用保证了中心化开放式大学物理实验教学体系的运行,实现了多元化的考核方式,使物理实验教学中心资源发挥了最大效益,在提高学生的综合素质、培养学生的创新精神与实践能力方面发挥重要作用.     

Design,Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Simplified Analogues of the Major Corn Strigolactones,Zealactone and Zeapyranolactone

Strigolactones are one of the phytohormones, which have multiple activities on plant growth and development. Since these strigolactone activities are highly associated with crop yield, use of strigolactone could be a promising technology in modern sustainable agriculture. The major strigolactones in corn root exudates have been identified as zealactone 1a/b and zeapyranolactone. We recently disclosed the first total synthesis of zealactone 1a/b together with its biological activity in corn. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of simplified analogues of both corn-derived strigolactones with their bioavailability in soil and their biological activities. These compounds would be potential leads for the development of synthetic strigolactones for the agronomical use in a more sustainable crop production.