Mechanics of rubber shear springs

FEA calculations have been carried out for a model rubber shear spring, consisting of a block of a highly elastic material, bonded between two rigid parallel plates and sheared by displacing one of the plates parallel to the other in its own plane. The block was prevented from deforming in the perpendicular direction, and thus was deformed in plane strain. Stress distributions along the bond-line and the center-line are reported and compared with those expected from the theory of large elastic deformations. Unexpected tensile stresses were found to develop in the interior of the sheared block. They are attributed to the absence on the end surfaces of the stresses needed to maintain a simple shear, causing a pronounced change in the reference pressure—a consequence that is usually overlooked. Because the internal stresses are governed by the boundary conditions, they were strongly affected by the shape of the end surfaces. In addition, they were reduced markedly by assigning values to Poisson's ratio slightly lower than 0.5, thus allowing some volume expansion of the rubber. Strain energy release rates were also evaluated for growth of a crack along the bond-line, starting at the edges, and compared with those reported previously by Lindley and Teo [Energy for crack growth at the bonds of rubber springs, Plast. Rubber Mat. Appl. 4 (1979) 29-37], Muhr et al. [A fracture mechanics study of natural rubber-to-metal bond failure, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 10 (1996) 593-616], Gregory and Muhr [Stiffness and fracture analysis of bonded rubber blocks in simple shear, in: D. Boast, V.A. Coveny (Eds.), Finite Element Analysis of Elastomers, Professional Engineering Publications, Bury St. Edmunds, UK, 1999, pp. 265-274] and Gough and Muhr [Initiation of failure of rubber close to bondlines, in: Proceedings of the International Rubber Conference, Maastricht, Netherlands, June 2005, IOM Communications Ltd., London, 2005, pp. 165-174]. They confirm that a long crack at the compression edge will grow faster than one at the tension edge, but the results for short cracks were inconclusive.     

界面剪切力作用下波状液膜流的水动力稳定性

液膜流的水动力稳定性作为保障其高效传热传质性能的重要因素之一,受多种因素的制约和影响. 当气液界面处存在因气流流动而产生剪切力作用时,剪切力将通过改变界面处的边界条件,从而影响液膜流动的稳定性. 基于边界层理论,采用积分法建立了剪切力作用下降液膜表面波演化方程,分析了界面剪切力对水动力稳定性的影响. 研究表明,正向剪切力为不稳定性因素,反向剪切力在较小雷诺数时为不稳定因素,在大雷诺数时为稳定性因素;正向剪切力使临界波数和临界波速增大,反向剪切力使其减小;剪切力对临界波速的影响在不同雷诺数下也有所不同.      

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提出了一种采用有限元法计算钢管混凝土受剪时等效剪切模量的方法,并对该方法 的正确性进行了验证;在分析了各种因素对等效剪切模量影响的基础上,给出了圆形和方形 钢管混凝土受剪时等效剪切模量的简化计算公式;与其他得到钢管混凝土剪切模量的方法进 行比较,分析了结果不同的原因,表明对钢管混凝土采用有限元计算研究其等效剪切模量的 方法更为合理.     

大型反倾库岸岩体变形过程及破坏机制数值模拟

随着边坡地质结构、地层岩性和诱发因素的不同,反倾岩体的主控变形破坏模式都会发生改变。金沙江龙蟠边坡岩体主要为反倾向千板岩和砂岩互层状结构,坡脚河床深厚覆盖层构成了边坡的软弱支座。本文运用离散单元法模拟了大型反倾库岸岩体在漫长的地质历史时期中的变形演化过程,并基于反倾岩体变形的时效性观点,引入强度折减法分析边坡在不同阶段的剪切屈服区扩展情况及相应的稳定性状态。结论表明龙蟠边坡变形岩体是重力弯曲蠕变为主导的成因机制,并归纳提出了软基效应和互层效应共同作用下的大规模反倾岩体的累进性剪切破坏模式,俗称“龙蟠模式”。     

2D-C/SiC拉伸损伤的声发射信号聚类分析

对2D-C/SiC复合材料进行常温拉伸试验,利用声发射(AE)仪在线监测其损伤过程.应用K-均值聚类算法对AE信号进行模式识别,结合扫描电镜观察,发现2IC/SiC复合材料拉伸过程的损伤模式包括基体开裂、界面层脱粘、层间剥离、纤维断裂以及纤维束断裂等,并得到了各种损伤模式AE信号参数的中心值.通过对不同损伤模式AE累积事件数和累积能量随时间变化的统计分析,描述了2DC/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化过程.     

基于离散元模型的土石混合体直剪试验分析

土石混合体是由高强度块石和低强度土体组成的一类特殊工程地质材料,其力学性质可通过直剪试验进行确定.论文针对土石混合体的细观材料特性,分别采用球形颗粒单元和非规则组合颗粒单元模拟土体和块石材料,对其在不同含石量和颗粒粘结强度下的直剪试验过程进行离散元分析.计算结果表明,土石混合体的抗剪强度随着含石量和粘结强度的增加而增加;通过不同法向应力下直剪试验的离散元分析,确定了不同含石量下土石混合体材料的内摩擦角和粘聚力.论文研究结果有助于进一步揭示土石混合体的抗剪强度特性.     

Effect of nozzle thickness on the self-excited impinging planar jet

The self-excited oscillation of a large aspect ratio planar jet impinging on a flat plate is investigated experimentally at a single transonic jet velocity to clarify the effect of varying the jet thickness on pattern of jet oscillation and frequency of resulting acoustic tone. The study has been performed for a series of jet thicknesses, 1 mm to 4 mm, each of which is tested for the complete range of plate position, i.e. impingement distance, over which acoustic tones are generated. The results reveal that the jet oscillation is controlled by a fluid-dynamic mechanism for small impingement distances, where the hydrodynamic flow instability controls the jet oscillation without any coupling with local acoustic resonances. At larger impingement distances, a fluid-resonant mechanism becomes dominant, in which one of the various hydrodynamic modes of the jet couples with one of the resonant acoustic modes occurring between the jet nozzle and the impingement plate. Within the fluid-resonant regime, the acoustic tones are found to be controlled by the impingement distance, which is the length scale of the acoustic mode, with the jet thickness having only minor effects on the tone frequency. Flow visualization images of the jet oscillation pattern at a constant impingement distance show that the oscillation occurs at the same hydrodynamic mode of the jet despite a four-fold increase in its thickness. Finally, a feedback model has been developed to predict the frequency of acoustic tones, and has been found to yield reasonable predictions over the tested range of impingement distance and nozzle thickness.     

Short wave stability of homogeneous shear flows with variable topography

For the stability problem of homogeneous shear flows in sea straits of arbitrary cross section, a sufficient condition for stability is derived under the condition of inviscid flow. It is shown that there is a critical wave number, and if the wave number of a normal mode is greater than this critical wave number, the mode is stable.     

Pulsatile blood flow in large arteries: comparative study of Burton’s and McDonald’s models

To get a clear picture of the pulsatile nature of blood flow and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a comparative study of blood flow in large arteries is carried out using the two widely used models, McDonald＇s and Burton＇s models, for the pressure gradient. For both models, the blood velocity in the lumen is obtained analytically. Elaborate investigations on the wall shear stress （WSS） and oscillatory shear index （OSI） are carried out. The results are in good agreement with the available data in the literature. The superiority of McDonald＇s model in capturing the pulsatile nature of blood flow, especially the OSI, is highlighted. The present investigation supports the hypothesis that not only WSS but also OSI are the essential features determining the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Finally, by reviewing the limitations of the present investigation, the possibility of improvement is explored.     

梯形箱梁剪力滞后效应的精细化分析

引入剪滞翘曲应力自平衡条件的影响,考虑了剪切变形和剪滞效应等因素,设置了三个不同的剪滞纵向位移差函数以准确反映梯形箱梁不同宽度翼板的剪滞变化幅度,提出了一种能对工程中常用箱梁静力学特性分析的精确解法。本文以能量变分原理为基础建立了薄壁箱梁的弹性控制微分方程和自然边界条件,获得了相应广义位移的闭合解。算例中,分析了不同荷载形式、跨宽比和悬臂板长度等因素对箱梁静力学特性的影响,结果显示出引入剪滞翘曲应力自平衡条件的必要性。