盐湖卤水硼同位素测定中硼的二次离子交换分离

根据盐湖卤水水化学特点,介绍了一种用阳、阴离子交换树脂,动态和静态交换相结合,对盐湖卤水中的硼进行分离纯化的简易方法。用该方法从盐湖卤水中分离出来的硼足以满足同位素质谱分析的需要,分离过程不产生同位素分馏,获得了理想的实验结果。     

基于XRF连续扫描的云南抚仙湖沉积物元素特征及环境意义

X射线荧光光谱(X-ray fluorescence, XRF)岩芯扫描仪具有前处理简单、非破坏性、连续高效测量及高精度等优势，已被广泛的应用于海洋、浅水湖泊及黄土等高分辨率的气候与环境变化研究中。然而，深水湖泊的水动力过程、物质迁移转化等与浅水湖泊均存在显著差异，且对深水湖泊沉积物的XRF连续元素扫描研究还有待进一步开展。通过对我国西南地区滇中盆地抚仙湖沉积物XRF元素连续扫描，并与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES)和质谱仪(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)元素分析方法对比，结合年代学与其他环境代用指标，探讨了滇中深水湖泊沉积物XRF连续扫描的元素特征所指示的环境意义。研究结果表明：(1)除P，Ge和Cr元素外，XRF元素连续扫描结果与ICP-OES/ICP-MS分析具有较好的相关性(p<0.01)；其中K，Ca，Ti，Fe，Rb和Zr元素的相关系数大于0.85。(2)元素的主因子分析发现，主成份1和2的方差贡献分别为76.31%和10.37%，其成分1远大于成分2，且K，Fe，Ti，Zn，Rb和Zr等元素的公因子载荷大于0.9，指示了抚仙湖流域的侵蚀强度是主要影响抚仙湖沉积过程的控制要素，其对流域内气候环境变化及人类活动强度具有较好的指示意义。(3)结合抚仙湖其他环境代用指标(粒度、总有机质含量)，重建了距今5 200年以来的滇中环境变化与人类活动历史。在距今约2200年，人类活动(耕作农业、砍伐森林等)的显著加强使得流域内植被减少、土壤侵蚀加剧，进入湖盆中的外源碎屑物增加，沉积物中元素含量显著增高。研究结果将为XRF技术在深水湖泊中的应用，以及开展环境演变与人类活动影响的高分辨率研究提供有效的借鉴。     

Chemical and Isotope Investigations in Dissolved Gases of a Meromictic Residual Lake

Abstract

Lake Hufeisen near Halle/Saale has been formed in an old mining pit. Its deepest part is trench shaped and filled with water of sodium chloride content. Due to the density difference strong mixing processes in this part of the water body are prevented all over the year (meromictic lake). Therefore anoxic conditions have been established and the organic matter of the lake sediments is converted to carbon dioxide and methane. Over a period of more than one year gas samples were collected from different water depths. The investigations of the chemical composition (mainly nitrogen, carbon dioxide and methane) and the carbon isotope ratios show different relationships for individual species. The results are discussed with respect to the behaviour of the gases in the water column and to the stability of the density stratification in the saline bottom water.     

水分环境梯度下野鸭湖湿地典型植物光谱特征分析

湿地植物在生态水分、物质能量循环中起到重要作用,能够综合反映湿地的生境特征。分别选取典型沉水植物、浮水植物、挺水植物、湿生植物和中生植物,采用导数法和包络线去除法,分析不同水分环境梯度下植物的光谱特征和变化趋势。挺水植物、湿生植物和中生的反射率值最高,其次为浮水植物类型,沉水植物受到水体的强烈影响,反射率值最低。导数法能够将原始光谱曲线的变化趋势放大,呈现出更多的特征波段。光谱曲线在520和710nm附近达到增长最快点,并可作为区别沉水植物与其他植物类型的特征波段。挺水植物香蒲和湿生植物三叶鬼针草的绿峰值最高。依照水分环境由高到低变化,沉水植物、浮水植物和挺水植物的红边值逐渐上升,湿生植物和中生植物的红边值略低。包络线去除法将原始的光谱曲线转化成吸收曲线,吸收深度变化表现为沉水植物<浮水植物<挺水植物<湿生植物,而中生植物值要略低于湿生植物。除中生植物外,植物在500和675nm附近的吸收面积随着水分环境梯度的降低而升高。     

Determination of Phosphorous and Nitrogen in the Sediment of Lake ‘pamvotis’ (Greece)

Abstract

Phosphorous and nitrogen nutrients in the sediment of the lake Pamvotis were determined by standard methods of analysis. The pore water of the sediment was also analyzed for orthophosphate, ammonia and nitrate content. The results give evidence that nutrient phosphorus content of the sediment is increased at the summer periods and with nitrogen content being available during the whole year gives eutrophic behavior in the lake waters. However, the winter rains reduce the phosphorous content during the spring months. The phosphorus is introduced into the lake by agricultural runoffs and by trenches from urban areas. Several isolated events originating from activities of the inhabitants of the small island and the human activities around the lake give rise to temporary pollution of the lake waters.     

Simultaneous determination of mercury and organic carbon in sediment and soils using a direct mercury analyzer based on thermal decomposition–atomic absorption spectrophotometry

The purpose of this work was to study the feasibility of using a direct mercury analyzer (DMA) to simultaneously determine mercury (Hg) and organic matter content in sediment and soils. Organic carbon was estimated by re-weighing the sample boats post analysis to obtain loss-on-ignition (LOI) data. The DMA-LOI results were statistically similar (p < 0.05) to the conventional muffle furnace approach. A regression equation was developed to convert DMA-LOI data to total organic carbon (TOC), which varied between 0.2% and 13.0%. Thus, mercury analyzers based on combustion can provide accurate estimates of organic carbon content in non-calcareous sediment and soils; however, weight gain from moisture (post-analysis), measurement uncertainty, and sample representativeness should all be taken into account. Sediment cores from seasonal wetland and open water areas from six oxbow lakes in the Mississippi River alluvial flood plain were analyzed. Wetland sediments generally had higher levels of Hg than open water areas owing to a greater fraction of fine particles and higher levels of organic matter. Annual loading of Hg in open water areas was estimated at 4.3, 13.4, 19.2, 20.7, 129, and 135 ng cm⁻² yr⁻¹ for Beasley, Roundaway, Hampton, Washington, Wolf and Sky Lakes, respectively. Generally, the interval with the highest Hg flux was dated to the 1960s and 1970s.     

Determination and risk assessment of pesticide residues in lake Amvrakia (W. Greece) after agricultural land use changes in the lake's drainage basin

A monitoring study of pesticides belonging to different chemical families was carried out in Amvrakia lake (West Greece) waters after land use changes in the lake's basin. Based on land-use patterns, nine sampling points were selected. Pesticides were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB cartridges and analysed by gas chromatographic techniques with flame thermionic and mass-spectra detection. Pesticides detected during the monitoring survey include eight herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, s-metolachlor, pendimethalin, prometryne, propachlor, simazine, trifluralin) and one metabolite (deethyl atrazine) with concentration levels up to 807?ng?L^?1 (recorded for alachlor), eight insecticides (azinphos methyl, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl, diazinon, dimethoate, fenitrothion, malathion, methidathion) with concentration levels up to 490?ng?L^?1 (recorded for azinphos methyl) and six fungicides (benalaxyl, cyproconazole, fenarimol, pyrimethanil, triadimefon, triadimenol) with concentration levels up to 408?ng?L^?1 (recorded for pyrimethanil). More frequently detected pesticides were atrazine, deethyl atrazine, alachlor, azinphos methyl, chlorpyrifos methyl, diazinon and pyrimethanil. The higher concentrations were measured during spring-early summer period, following seasonal application of pesticides and diminished significantly during winter. Littoral sampling stations presented higher pesticide concentration levels and more frequent detection. Aquatic risk assessment was based on the Risk Quotient (RQ?=?MEC/PNEC) deterministic method regarding three trophic levels: algae, aquatic invertebrates and fish. Non-acceptable risk for 10 compounds was observed when maximum concentrations were used. Compliance to EC environmental quality standards is also discussed.     

当雄错盐湖卤水提钾盐田日晒工艺扩大试验研究

西藏现代钾锂硼特种盐湖的钾盐开发将对我国钾盐需求形成有利补充。本文首次采用蒸发结晶、分步分离的方法,进行了当雄错盐湖碳酸盐型卤水提钾多级盐田日晒工艺扩大试验研究。通过对卤水蒸发析盐全过程做化学分析和物料衡算,确定了钾、硼等重要无机元素的成盐类型和析盐阶段,以及锂、铷等稀有元素的富集规律,最终获得了较高品位钾混盐和高浓母卤,并取得了大量第一手数据资料,为今后实现当雄错盐湖卤水钾盐资源的产业化开发提供了切实可靠的中试基础和设计参考。     

论卤盐养生（9）

卤盐（包括食盐）是中国矿物药的重要组成部分。从文化价值、临床应用和情志调摄3个方面诠释了卤盐的养生学意义,并全面、详细地阐述了食盐对中国古代文化的四大贡献、6种盐类的现代临床应用价值以及盐湖旅游的6项要素;列举了160多个盐湖卤水的主要化学成分、矿化度或微量元素;摘录了论述卤盐主治功用的古今文献。本文分期刊出。     

基于多元统计分析的湖库水质富营养化程度评价模型及应用

利用多元统计中的主成份分析及判别分析方法 ,建立了一种新的湖库水质富营养化程度综合评价模型 ,并给出就我国十二个湖库的评价实例 ,实证分析的结果表明 :这是一种稳定性较好且切实有效的综合评价方法模型