Radioimmunoassay of PCBs in Milk and Blood

A radioimmunoassay was developed capable of determining Aroclor 1260 in milk at levels of from 20 to 80 ppb and in blood from 2 to 16 ppb. The values obtained by radioimmunoassay correlate well with those determined by gas-liquid chromatography (r² = 0.96 for milk and 0.99 for blood) but were lower. Antiserum was produced in rabbits and was specific for 2, 2′, 4, 4′, 5, 5′-hexachlorobiphenyl. It cross-reacted with congeners and isomers in Aroclor 1254 and 1260 to the extent that a 20% decrease in binding was observed with 0.1 ng of either mixture. The method requires preliminary cleanup of the extract on alumina and utilizes 25 % dimethyl sulfoxide in the assay medium to promote solubilization of the substrates.     

基于支持向量机的凝血功能诊断模型

使用凝血四项指标诊断凝血功能是临床的常规检查,但根据经验进行诊断正确率不高.剔除临床上最重要的指标FIB后,建立支持向量机模型诊断的正确率和根据凝血四项指标诊断的正确率没有显著差异,100次模拟的平均正确率分别达到了95.4496%和95.5039%.     

A novel fast method for aqueous derivatization of THC,OH‐THC and THC‐COOH in human whole blood and urine samples for routine forensic analyses

A novel aqueous in situ derivatization procedure with propyl chloroformate (PCF) for the simultaneous, quantitative analysis of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11‐hydroxy‐Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol (OH‐THC) and 11‐nor‐Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐carboxylic acid (THC‐COOH) in human blood and urine is proposed. Unlike current methods based on the silylating agent [N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide] added in an anhydrous environment, this new proposed method allows the addition of the derivatizing agent (propyl chloroformate, PCF) directly to the deproteinized blood and recovery of the derivatives by liquid–liquid extraction. This novel method can be also used for hydrolyzed urine samples. It is faster than the traditional method involving a derivatization with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. The analytes are separated, detected and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The method was validated in terms of selectivity, capacity of identification, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), carryover, linearity, intra‐assay precision, inter‐assay precision and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ in hydrolyzed urine were 0.5 and 1.3 ng/mL for THC and 1.2 and 2.6 ng/mL for THC‐COOH, respectively. In blood, the LOD and LOQ were 0.2 and 0.5 ng/mL for THC, 0.2 and 0.6 ng/mL for OH‐THC, and 0.9 and 2.4 ng/mL for THC‐COOH, respectively. This method was applied to 35 urine samples and 50 blood samples resulting to be equivalent to the previously used ones with the advantage of a simpler method and faster sample processing time. We believe that this method will be a more convenient option for the routine analysis of cannabinoids in toxicological and forensic laboratories.     

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for Identification of Blood and Leukemia Biomarkers: A Review over the Past 15 Years

Abstract

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an effective and nondestructive method for monitoring cellular alterations. Combining the advantages of FTIR spectroscopy with the challenge of cellular characterization, the main objective of this review is to collect information related to the spectroscopic identification of blood cells, focusing on specific biochemical features of leukemia cells detected through FTIR spectral analysis. Some interesting results obtained by different authors regarding human promyelocytic leukemia, white blood cells, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are presented. In addition, the characterization of two types of cells, namely, leukemia T and a healthy human blood cells, is reported and the identification of biochemical markers provides important information that, associated with clinical examination, can assist in the diagnosis of diseases.     

Analysis of carbenoxolone by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in mouse brain and blood after systemic administration

Carbenoxolone is a derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid found in the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, colloquially known as licorice. It has been used as a treatment for peptic and oral ulcers. In recent years, carbenoxolone has been utilized in basic research for its ability to block gap junctional communication. Better understanding the distribution of carbenoxolone after systemic administration can lead to a better understanding of its potential sites of action. Presented is an ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC–MS/MS) method for the identification and quantification of carbenoxolone in mouse blood and brain tissue. Twenty mice were injected intraperitoneally with 25 mg/kg carbenoxolone and brain tissue and blood were collected for analysis. Blood concentrations (mean ± SD) at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min were determined to be (n = 5) 5394 ± 778, 2636 ± 836, 1564 ± 541 and 846 ± 252 ng/mL, respectively. Brain concentrations (mean ± SD) at 15, 30, 60 and 120 mins were determined to be (n = 5) 171 ± 62, 102 ± 35, 55 ± 10 and 27 ± 9 ng/g, respectively. The analysis of these specimens at the four different time points resulted in blood and brain half‐lives in mice of ~43 and 41 min, respectively. The UHPLC–MS/MS method was determined to be sensitive and robust for quantification of carbenoxolone.     

Unravelling the Time Scale of Conformational Plasticity and Allostery in Glycan Recognition by Human Galectin-1

The interaction of human galectin-1 with a variety of oligosaccharides, from di-(N-acetyllactosamine) to tetra-saccharides (blood B type-II antigen) has been scrutinized by using a combined approach of different NMR experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Ligand- and receptor-based NMR experiments assisted by computational methods allowed proposing three-dimensional structures for the different complexes, which explained the lack of enthalpy gain when increasing the chemical complexity of the glycan. Interestingly, and independently of the glycan ligand, the entropy term does not oppose the binding event, a rather unusual feature for protein-sugar interactions. CLEANEX-PM and relaxation dispersion experiments revealed that sugar binding affected residues far from the binding site and described significant changes in the dynamics of the protein. In particular, motions in the microsecond-millisecond timescale in residues at the protein dimer interface were identified in the presence of high affinity ligands. The dynamic process was further explored by extensive MD simulations, which provided additional support for the existence of allostery in glycan recognition by human galectin-1.     

Time‐dependent finite element simulations of a shear‐thinning viscoelastic fluid with application to blood flow

A new finite element method is developed to simulate time‐dependent viscoelastic shear‐thinning flows characterized by the generalized Oldroyd‐B model. The focus of the algorithm is improved stability through a free‐energy dissipative scheme by using low‐order piecewise‐constant finite element approximations for stress. The algorithm is further modified by incorporating a pressure‐projection method, a DG‐upwinding scheme, a symmetric interior penalty DG method to solve the elliptic pressure‐update equation and a geometric multigrid preconditioner. The improved stability and cost to accuracy is compared when using higher order discontinuous bilinear approximation, where in addition, we consider the influence of a slope limiter for these elements. The algorithm is applied to the 2D start‐up‐driven cavity problem, and the stability of the free energy is illustrated and compared between element choices. An application of the model to modelling blood in small arterioles and channels is considered by simulating pulsatile blood flow through a stenotic arteriole. The individual influences of viscoelasticity and shear‐thinning within the generalized Oldroyd‐B model are investigated by comparing results to the Newtonian, generalized Newtonian and Oldroyd‐B models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of blood on liver metabolite profiling – a combined metabolomic and proteomic approach

Metabolomics has entered the well‐established omic sciences as it is an indispensable information resource to achieve a global picture of biological systems. The aim of the present study was to estimate the influence of blood removal from mice liver as part of sample preparation for metabolomic and proteomic studies. For this purpose, perfused mice liver tissue (i.e. with blood removed) and unperfused mice liver tissue (i.e. containing blood) were compared by two‐dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC‐TOFMS) for the metabolomic part, and by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) for the proteomic part. Our data showed significant differences between the unperfused and perfused liver tissue samples. Furthermore, we also observed an overlap of blood and tissue metabolite profiles in our data, suggesting that the perfusion of liver tissue prior to analysis is beneficial for an accurate metabolic profile of this organ. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同抗凝比例对凝血四项检测结果的影响

目的观察并分析凝血四项检测结果与不同比例下的全血与抗凝剂之间的关系。方法研究对象取2015年6月来湖北省宜昌市第二人民医院参加体检的110例健康人员,抽取全血血液样本后按照不同比例与抗凝剂混匀,常规分离血浆并测定受试者凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间(APTT)以及纤维蛋白原(FIB),并对研究结果相关数据作统计学处理。结果当血液量与抗凝剂比例为1∶5时,标本TT、PT、APTT以及FIB各项指标较1∶9时差异显著而具有统计学意义(P0.05);抗凝比例1∶7的情况下,TT指标差异与1∶9抗凝比例标本相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而PT、FIB以及APTT三项指标差异并无统计学意义(P0.05);抗凝比例为1∶11与1∶13的情况下,TT指标与1∶9抗凝比例标本相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而PT、FIB以及APTT三项指标差异并无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论凝血四项检测工作中,标本质量检测控制最关键的环节在于准确采集血液量,倘若采集血量过多或过少,导致与抗凝剂比例失调往往会影响测定结果准确性,检验科工作人员应予以重视。