Transglutaminase-induced gelation properties of soy protein isolate and wheat gluten mixtures with high intensity ultrasonic pretreatment

Soy protein isolate (SPI) and wheat gluten (WG) are widely used in commercial food applications in Asia for their nutritional value and functional properties. However, individually each exhibits poor gelation. In this study, we examined the microbial transglutaminase (MTGase)-induced gelation properties of SPI and WG mixtures with high intensity ultrasonic pretreatment. Ultrasonic treatment reduced the particle size of SPI/WG molecules, which led to improvements in surface hydrophobicity (H_o) and free sulfhydryl (SH) group content. However, MTGase crosslinking facilitated the formation of disulfide bonds, markedly decreasing the content of free SH groups. Ultrasonic treatment improved the gel strength, water holding capacity, and storage modulus and resulted in denser and more homogeneous networks of MTGase-induced SPI/WG gels. In addition, ultrasonic treatment changed the secondary structure of the gel samples as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, with a reduction in α-helices and β-turns and an increase in β-sheets and random coils. Thus, ultrasound is useful in facilitating the gelation properties of MTGase-induced SPI/WG gels and might expand their utilization in the food protein gelation industry.     

超声速射流装置的流场特性研究

超声速射流装置能很好地模拟榴弹引信发电机飞行时大气环境的工况,已成为地面考核和验收必不可少的设备。本文结合双曝光全息干涉技术和数值模拟方法,对超声速射流装置有无模型的流场进行了研究,将实验干涉图与数值模拟结果进行了比较,从而辨识出实验干涉图中的条纹级数并计算了条纹位移量,由此得出实验干涉图的密度场,经适当的修正就可应用到实物飞行中,解决了过去引信电机选取当地参考密度难的问题。另外由实验结果也验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。     

An outline of the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour of wheat flour dough in shear

Creep and creep recovery, stress relaxation and small- and large-amplitude oscillatory shear experiments have been used to study the steady-state flow behaviour and the transient viscoelastic response of wheat flour dough in shear over large ranges of time, stress and strain. The results are discussed with reference to the limited body of reliable literature data. Dough does display a linear viscoelastic domain. The complex character of its non-linear viscoelastic properties is essentially due to the extremely low shear rate limit of the initial Newtonian plateau and to the onset of time-dependent flow behaviour above a certain strain threshold, which explain qualitatively the discrepancies observed in certain cases on a part of the range of the rheological variables explored, despite global self-consistency of the results. Comparison of gluten and dough linear viscoelastic properties shows that dough cannot be viewed simply as a concentrated suspension of starch granules in the hydrated viscoelastic gluten matrix.Paper presented at the second Annual European Rheology Conference (AERC 2005) held in Grenoble, France on April 21–23, 2005.     

FTIR研究南方锈病侵染对玉米叶片中蛋白质和碳水化合物的影响

为深入研究南方锈病侵染玉米叶片时叶片的生化指标变化,使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分别获取感染和未感染玉米叶片的光谱,选用光谱中的特征区和指纹区吸收带分析玉米叶片中蛋白质和碳水化合物的变化情况.玉米叶片被感染后,其光谱的酰胺带发生变化,碳水化合物的主要吸收带变化不明显.通过对波数范围在1 800~1 480内的吸收带进行曲线拟合分析,发现感染后的叶片中折叠和螺旋结构在蛋白质二级结构中的含量比例降低;感染前期蛋白质二级结构中转角结构含量比例增大;感染后期玉米叶片中蛋白质二级结构的自由卷曲结构含量比例急剧增大,该结构在感染前期和健康叶片中均未出现.研究表明傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合分析技术可用于探索玉米叶片被南方锈病侵染时所含化学物质的变化,为玉米抗病性研究提供重要依据.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report: ISO/TR 19319:2013 – Surface chemical analysis – Fundamental approaches to determination of lateral resolution and sharpness in beam‐based methods

This Technical Report revises ISO/TR 19319:2003 —Surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—Determination of lateral resolution, analysis area and sample area viewed by the analyser. The revised Technical Report gives a short introduction to basic models of image formation and introduces functions which characterize the performance of imaging instruments with respect to lateral resolution and sharpness. The determination of lateral resolution by imaging of square‐wave gratings and the determination of sharpness by imaging of narrow stripes and straight edges are described in detail. Finally, physical factors affecting lateral resolution, analysis area and sample area viewed by the analyser are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结构光光条中心点信度评价方法与应用

结构光三维测量中,光条中心点的提取是极其重要的步骤.现有方法对结构光条中心点提取都仅仅是标志中心点的位置,而中心点位置的可信与否,并未提及.对于一些特殊场合应用,例如室外复杂情况的测量,需要确定测量结果的可信程度.如何评价光条提取的中心点的可信程度成为亟待解决的关键问题.针对这一问题,对光条模型进行实际分析,给出了更为...     

Potential effects of biochar application on mitigating the drought stress implications on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under various growth stages

Drought is the main abiotic stress that severely reduces wheat yield across the globe. To cope up this situation, use of organic amendments is the best option. Biochar is an organic soil amendment that is used to improve soil carbon, organic contents, improve water holding capacity of soil, enhance soil fertility and maintain desired soil. Present study was carried out under semi-arid climatic conditions to mitigate the adverse effects of drought at critical wheat growth stages i.e., tillering (DTS), flowering (DFS) and grain filling stage (DGFS) by using three biochar treatments viz. B₀ = Control, B₁ = 27.88 g kg⁻¹ and B₂ = 37.18 g kg⁻¹. Results revealed that drought stress negatively affected the growth and yield attributes of wheat at all critical growth stages, while, grain filling stage was found the most sensitive stage resulted severe yield reduction. However, biochar application significantly mitigated the detrimental effects of drought by improving number of fertile tillers (19.50%), spike length (6.52%), number of grains per spike (3.07%), thousand grain weight (6.42%), biological (9.43%) and economic yield (13.92%) as compared to control treatment. Moreover, biochar significantly improved water use efficiency and physiological attributes of drought stressed wheat. Principal component analysis linked different scales of study and demonstrated the potential of physio-biochemical traits to explain the wheat yield variations under drought condition with response to biochar application. In crux, biochar application (37.18 g kg⁻¹) can be used as an effective stratagem to achieve improved wheat grain yield through mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress.     

Sensitive detection and quantification of gliadin contamination in gluten-free food with immunomagnetic beads based liposomal fluorescence immunoassay

Gliadin from wheat is a common food allergen that can induce baker’s asthma, wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and celiac disease. This gliadin assay focuses on rapidly screen and check for gluten contamination in raw materials and in the gluten-free food production process, not only for wheat-sensitive patients but also for the industries producing gluten-free foodstuffs. The developed assay incorporates the use of anti-gliadin antibody-conjugated immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) to capture the gliadin in samples and fluorescent dyes-loaded immunoliposomal nanovesicles (IMLNs) to produce and enhance the detection signal. Hence, a sandwich complex is formed as “IMBs–gliadin–IMLNs”. Experimental results indicate that this detection platform exhibits good sensitivity for gliadin with a detection limit as low as 0.6 μg mL⁻¹ of gliadin; as the polyclonal antibody showed slight cross-reactions with barley and rye. Excellent recovery rates were found ranging from 83.5 to 102.6% as testing the spiked samples. Moreover, the CV (%) of intra- and inter-assay of this developed assay are 4.8–10.6% and 3.5–9.9%, respectively. Based on a parallel analysis of twenty food samples, the results of this developed assay provide a good consistency with those of an AOAC-approved ELISA kit without any false-negative results. The proposed assay method is thus a highly promising alternative method for detecting the contamination of gliadin in the food industry.     

基于生物光子的小麦新陈度快速无损检测

小麦籽粒作为一种活的生命体,在正常储藏过程中,会不断消耗自身的营养物质来维持其生命活动.随着储藏时间的推移,小麦籽粒内部各种酶的活性减弱或丧失,自身呼吸强度逐步降低,原生质胶体结构松弛,籽粒的物理和化学状态发生改变,进而导致其后续食用和加工品质变劣.因此,对小麦新陈度的准确判定,是保证储藏小麦数量和质量的前提,对指导我...     

分光仪调整中干涉现象的分析与应用

描述了在分光仪调整实验中观察到的干涉条纹现象,并且当转动平行平板玻璃时,该干涉条纹有粗细疏密变化.本文从理论上分析了产生干涉条纹及干涉条纹疏密粗细变化的原因.在已知平行平板玻璃的厚度和光的波长的情况下,可应用该现象测量平行平板玻璃折射率,给出了折射率的计算方法,对结果进行了数据处理及误差分析.