An analysis of the simulated acoustic emission sources with different propagation distances,types and depths for rail defect detection

Acoustic Emission (AE) technique is an effective nondestructive detecting method, and has a promising application for rail defect detection. So far, little attention has been paid to propagation distances, types, and depths of AE sources, which are important for rail defect detection accurately. This paper presents an experimental study on the simulated AE sources with different propagation distances, types and depths for rail defect detection. Three simulated AE sources with different frequencies are seeded on the cross section of rail, and the depths of AE sources are changed in the vertical direction. After receiving AE signals, wavelet transform and Rayleigh–Lamb equations are utilized to extract time–frequency features and modes. Based on the wavelet transform with corresponding group-velocity curves, the influences of different propagation distances, the features of different source types and the rules of different source depths are examined. It is concluded that the features of AE sources with different propagation distances, types and depths can be obtained by AE technique for rail defect detection. It is very useful to analyze and detect defects in rail defect detection.     

基于叶片光学属性的作物叶片水分含量反演模型研究

叶片含水量是反映作物生理特性的一个重要参数, 对生态环境的研究具有重要意义。采用小波分析方法, 分析叶片含水量对反射率的影响特征, 建立综合利用多波段信息的作物叶片水分含量反演模型。基于PROSPECT模型的辐射传输理论, 推导出由叶片反射率光谱的小波系数反演叶片水分含量CW的理论模型。利用六种常用的小波函数, 对叶片组分水、干物质和白化基本层的吸收光谱进行小波分解。选取对水分变化最敏感, 同时对其他组分不敏感的分解尺度和波段位置, 找到能稳定突出水的光谱特征的小波系数。结果表明: bior1.5小波函数在尺度为200 nm, 波段位置为1 405和1 488 nm的小波系数具有上述特征。建立由叶片反射率光谱的bior1.5小波系数反演叶片水分含量CW的反演模型, 模型有两个转换系数a和Δ都受叶片结构参数N的影响。利用PROSPECT模型生成模拟光谱数据集, 校正建立的叶片水分含量反演模型中的两个转换系数a和Δ, 并与LOPEX93实验光谱数据集结合验证反演模型。结果表明: 反演模型不仅比传统基于植被指数的统计模型在精度上有提高(反演值与实测值的R2最高达到0.987), 而且更加稳定, 普适性更高。研究表明, 小波分析方法在利用高光谱数据反演作物叶片水分含量方面具有独特的优势。     

基于BP神经网络的复杂彩色图像文本定位*

针对复杂彩色图像中文本的特征,提出了基于小波变换和BP神经网络甄别文本区域的算法.该算法首先利用文本块的边缘特征遴选出备选图像块,而后采用小波变换提取备选图像块的纹理特征,把这些纹理特征参量连同图像块的颜色特征和笔画特征参量输入训练好的BP神经网络,判断备选图像块是否包含文本.该方法运算简单,定位时间短.采用专用的文本定位比赛用图进行实验的结果表明,定位准确率可达到92％,召回率为87.4%.     

基于小波域三状态HMT模型的含噪图像增强

针对含噪图像增强问题,提出一种基于小波域三状态隐马尔可夫树模型的方法,采用三状态的高斯混合模型逼近小波系数的分布,不需要设定精确的阈值,依据期望最大算法训练得到的每个系数所属状态的后验概率,将系数区分为噪声系数、弱边缘系数和强边缘系数,然后通过抑制噪声系数,增强细节特征系数来达到对含噪图像增强的目的,并引入循环平移策略避免人工失真.通过对含噪的标准图像和人脑核磁共振图像进行仿真实验,并与几种经典的图像增强方法作视觉上的对比和定量分析.实验结果表明,本文所提出的方法具有很好的鲁棒性,在突出了图像中更多的细节信息的同时,可以有效抑制噪声.     

偏振和衍射双重效应影响的Schmidt棱镜特性

一束偏振光经过Schmidt棱镜的两个不同路径,成为两个不同的偏振状态,使得出射光束的偏振态呈现非均匀分布.为了探索偏振态非均匀分布对Schmidt棱镜传光质量的影响机理,将两个路径对应的光波函数引入屋脊衍射积分方程,得到了偏振效应影响的屋脊衍射场强分布.场强分布的数字计算表明:在偏振效应和衍射效应的双重影响下,经Schmidt棱镜出射的光场分布出现了严重变形;对应同一入射线偏振光出现的P、S两分量位相差的差异,使得P、S分量的屋脊衍射光强分布I_P、I_S有很大差异,这种差异在入射线偏振光方位角为0°和90°时达到最大;而合光波的衍射光强I_P+I_S是分裂为有一定空间间距的多峰分布,但多峰分布随入射线偏振光方位角的变化比较小.实验拍摄了He-Ne激光经Schmidt棱镜衍射后出射光强分布图.实验结果和理论分析一致性表明:Schmidt棱镜中的偏振效应和屋脊衍射效应导致了一束入射线偏振光分裂为有一定空间间距的多峰光束,严重破坏了Schmidt棱镜的传光特性.     

冷原子荧光光谱中数字基线估计方法的研究

水体中汞的存在形态有单质汞、无机汞和有机汞三种。其中,甲基汞是主要的有机汞形态,毒性远高于单质汞和无机汞。测量水体中的甲基汞的方法有很多,冷原子荧光光谱法是测量水体中甲基汞的推荐方法。冷原子荧光光谱法是原子发射光谱法和原子吸收光谱法综合发展而来的元素分析方法。经过多年的发展与完善,是元素分析最常用的分析技术之一,具有灵敏度高、检出限低等特点,被广泛应用于环境科学、生命科学、地质等领域。由于检测仪器的背景噪声和色谱柱分离效果的影响,冷原子荧光光谱出现基线漂移和信号拖尾等干扰因素,严重影响冷原子荧光光谱数据的峰面积计算和痕量甲基汞的定量分析。其中,基线漂移是最主要干扰因素。目前,改进模拟器件参数和数字基线估计是解决基线漂移的的两种重要手段。在改进模拟器件参数方面,有激发光源使用空心阴极汞灯、闭环控制的热阴极低压汞灯等,但存在实验设备复杂、成本高昂等缺陷;在数字基线估计方面,有最小二乘法、差值拟合法等,但存在基线估计不稳,含量计算不准等缺点。基于此,提出了一种基于小波变换的数字基线估计方法。首先,分析甲基汞的冷原子荧光光谱微观信号和基线漂移现象,建立冷原子荧光光谱信号和基线漂移数理模型;其次,根据冷原子荧光光谱信号模型的特点,以小波变换为研究基础,研究合适的母小波模型,将母小波模型与基线漂移模型进行卷积,卷积结果恒为零,理论上证明了基线漂移现象经过小波变换后会被消除;再次,以100 pg标样甲基汞为例,实验验证了小波变换能够有效地消除基线漂移的干扰和信号拖尾的影响;最后,在仪器相对标准差（RSD）为1.29%~3.40%的条件下,对0,10,20,50,100,500以及1 000 pg的标样甲基汞溶液进行5次重复实验,分别建立小波变换前后峰面积平均值校准曲线,校准曲线的相关系数（R2）由小波变换前的0.994提高到小波变换后的0.997。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地消除测量仪器基线漂移和信号拖尾的影响,提升了系统测量准确性。     

Imaging latent fingerprints by electrochemiluminescence

By exposing an electrode surface with a latent fingerprint to electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-generating luminophore, ECL is produced from the surface not covered by the fingerprint, generating a negative image. The fingerprint can also be pre-stained by luminophores, which generates ECL and yields a positive image (right). ITO=indium tin oxide.     

Spectral analysis and generation of certain highly oscillatory curves related to chaos

Highly oscillatory phenomena are omnipresent in applications. Two important underlying sources are stochastic fluctuations and deterministic randomness. In this paper, we will present heuristics, theorems, and a few illustrations on the Fourier spectrum and deterministic random time series, based upon our understanding of certain rapid oscillations in chaos.     

Wavelet multiple correlation and cross-correlation: A multiscale analysis of Eurozone stock markets

Statistical studies that consider multiscale relationships among several variables use wavelet correlations and cross-correlations between pairs of variables. This procedure needs to calculate and compare a large number of wavelet statistics. The analysis can then be rather confusing and even frustrating since it may fail to indicate clearly the multiscale overall relationship that might exist among the variables. This paper presents two new statistical tools that help to determine the overall correlation for the whole multivariate set on a scale-by-scale basis. This is illustrated in the analysis of a multivariate set of daily Eurozone stock market returns during a recent period. Wavelet multiple correlation analysis reveals the existence of a nearly exact linear relationship for periods longer than the year, which can be interpreted as perfect integration of these Euro stock markets at the longest time scales. It also shows that small inconsistencies between Euro markets seem to be just short within-year discrepancies possibly due to the interaction of different agents with different trading horizons.     

近红外反射光谱法测定PDA阳离子度的研究

以37份实验室自制二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺的共聚物(PDA)为样品,用沉淀滴定法对PDA阳离子度进行测定,并进行近红外光谱扫描,分别采用特征峰和全波谱段作为输入层神经元,采用RBF神经网络的数学转换方法建立近红外反射光谱(NIRS)定标模型,采用小波分析对光谱进行降噪预处理,建立PDA阳离子度的近红外预测模型,并将预测值与沉淀滴定法测定值进行比较,其外部验证决定系数大于0.90,预测分布趋势良好,对预测值与实测值进行t检验,结果显示预测值与实测值差异不显著。结果表明,采用近红外光谱数据建立的定标模型预测PDA阳离子度具有较高可行性。