全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5790篇 |
免费 | 536篇 |
国内免费 | 578篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 4386篇 |
晶体学 | 301篇 |
力学 | 235篇 |
综合类 | 19篇 |
数学 | 99篇 |
物理学 | 1864篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 13篇 |
2023年 | 184篇 |
2022年 | 161篇 |
2021年 | 171篇 |
2020年 | 193篇 |
2019年 | 152篇 |
2018年 | 123篇 |
2017年 | 162篇 |
2016年 | 187篇 |
2015年 | 213篇 |
2014年 | 263篇 |
2013年 | 350篇 |
2012年 | 293篇 |
2011年 | 436篇 |
2010年 | 396篇 |
2009年 | 431篇 |
2008年 | 349篇 |
2007年 | 433篇 |
2006年 | 352篇 |
2005年 | 345篇 |
2004年 | 312篇 |
2003年 | 196篇 |
2002年 | 148篇 |
2001年 | 138篇 |
2000年 | 118篇 |
1999年 | 85篇 |
1998年 | 106篇 |
1997年 | 110篇 |
1996年 | 85篇 |
1995年 | 50篇 |
1994年 | 47篇 |
1993年 | 39篇 |
1992年 | 38篇 |
1991年 | 27篇 |
1990年 | 30篇 |
1989年 | 28篇 |
1988年 | 16篇 |
1987年 | 20篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有6904条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
11.
12.
Cosmic dust and our origins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J Mayo Greenberg 《Surface science》2002,500(1-3):793-822
The small solid particles in the space between the stars provide the surfaces for the production of many simple and complex molecules. Processes involving the effects of ultraviolet irradiation of the thin (hundredth micron) mantles are shown to produce a wide range of molecules and ions also seen in comets. Some of the more complex ones inferred from laboratory experiments are expected to play an important role in the origin of life. An outline of the chemical evolution of interstellar dust as observed and as studied in the laboratory is presented. Observations of comets are shown to provide substantial evidence for their being fluffy aggregates of interstellar dust as it was in the protosolar nebula, i.e. the interstellar cloud which collapsed to form the solar system. The theory that comets may have brought the progenitors of life to the earth is summarized. 相似文献
13.
Hiroyuki Saimoto Tomoyuki Onitsuka Satoko Okabe Minoru Morimoto 《Tetrahedron letters》2004,45(48):8777-8780
Treatment of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone and acrolein with aqueous KOH gave a tetrahydrofuran derivative, 1,4-dihydroxy-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, in 80% yield. Similarly, 6-alkyl substituted 1,4-dihydroxy-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes were obtained by reaction of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone with various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. In the cases of long chain alkenals, the reaction was effectively accelerated in the presence of organic co-solvent. On the other hand, the corresponding tricyclic products were synthesized by reaction of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone with cyclic enones, such as 2-cyclopentenone and 2-cyclohexenone. This method was successfully applied to the reaction of a tetrulose in the absence of any protecting groups. 相似文献
14.
5-Perfluorophenyl 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles were synthesized from 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of perfluorobenyl 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonylhydrazone and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds or acrylonitrile in THF or water. It was worthy to note that better results were obtained when water was employed as the solvent, which was considered as an effective, economic and environmentally friendly method to synthesize these pyrazole derivatives. 相似文献
15.
S. Mohri D. Amutha Rani Y. Yamamoto Y. Tsujita H. Yoshimizu 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2004,42(2):238-245
Syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) has various crystalline forms such as α, β, γ, and δ forms, and a mesophase depending on the preparation method. In this study, we focused on the mesophase with the molecular cavity of sPS, which is obtained by step‐wise extraction of the guest molecules from the sPS δ form. To prepare the mesophase containing different shapes and sizes of the cavity, two kinds of the sPS δ form membrane cast from either toluene or chloroform solution were first prepared and then the guest molecules were removed by a step‐wise extraction method using acetone and methanol. We could succeed in the preparation of two kinds of mesophase with different shapes and sizes of the molecular cavity. Either toluene or chloroform vapor sorption to the sPS mesophase membranes was examined at 25 °C. Sorption analysis indicates that the mesophase with large molecular cavities can mainly sorb large molecules; on the other hand, the mesophase with small cavities can sorb only the small molecules, and is unable to sorb a large amount of large molecule because the cavity was too small to sorb the large molecules. Therefore, the sPS mesophase membrane has sorption selectivity based on the size of the molecular cavity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 238–245, 2004 相似文献
16.
研究了不同衬底-阴极距离、直流电压和H2流量对a-CH薄膜沉积速率的影响。结果表明:衬底-阴极距离必须大于0.5cm,随着该距离的增加,薄膜的沉积速率减少;直流电压达550V时沉积速率最大;随着H2含量的增加,CH4含量相对减少,沉积速率随之降低。用AFM观察了以该方法制得的448.4nm CH薄膜的表面形貌,表面粗糙度约为10nm。最后测出了不同条件下CH薄膜的UV-VIS谱,由此可以计算得到薄膜的禁带宽度及折射率。 相似文献
17.
Vincent Maurice 《Surface science》2005,581(1):88-104
STM, STS, LEED and XPS data for crystalline θ-Al2O3 and non-crystalline Al2O3 ultra-thin films grown on NiAl(0 0 1) at 1025 K and exposed to water vapour at low pressure (1 × 10−7-1 × 10−5 mbar) and room temperature are reported. Water dissociation is observed at low pressure. This reactivity is assigned to the presence of a high density of coordinatively unsaturated cationic sites at the surface of the oxide film. The hydroxyl/hydroxide groups cannot be directly identify by their XPS binding energy, which is interpreted as resulting from the high BE positions of the oxide anions (O1s signal at 532.5-532.8 eV). However the XPS intensities give evidence of an uptake of oxygen accompanied by an increase of the surface coverage by Al3+ cations, and a decrease of the concentration in metallic Al at the alloy interface. A value of ∼2 for the oxygen to aluminium ions surface concentration ratio indicates the formation of an oxy-hydroxide (AlOxOHy with x + y ∼ 2) hydroxylation product. STM and LEED show the amorphisation and roughening of the oxide film. At P(H2O) = 1 × 10−7 mbar, only the surface of the oxide film is modified, with formation of nodules of ∼2 nm lateral size covering homogeneously the surface. STS shows that essentially the valence band is modified with an increase of the density of states at the band edge. With increasing pressure, hydroxylation is amplified, leading to an increased coverage of the alloy by oxy-hydroxide products and to the formation of larger nodules (∼7 nm) of amorphous oxy-hydroxide. Roughening and loss of the nanostructure indicate a propagation of the reaction that modifies the bulk structure of the oxide film. Amorphisation can be reverted to crystallization by annealing under UHV at 1025 K when the surface of the oxide film has been modified, but not when the bulk structure has been modified. 相似文献
18.
Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for small water clusters (N=16, 32, 64) in a d.c. electric field at T=200 K. It was shown that for relatively weak fields, there was a significant decrease of reorientational and structural relaxation times for all cluster sizes examined. Regarding the molecular reorientational motions, in the strong field regime, a decoupling of tumbling and spinning librations was observed. Reorientational relaxation times of the dipole and
vector joining the two hydrogen atoms were found to follow different relaxation laws, with the former decreasing and the latter increasing with electric field increase. These trends were qualitatively explained by invoking the Debye model with field-dependent friction for dipole librations and the symmetric double-well for spinning rotations on a plane perpendicular to the field axis. Finally, the interdependence of the reorientation on the translational modes of the cluster was indicated, with the translationally slow molecules being rotationally slow as well and vice versa. 相似文献
19.
ICP-AES测定饮用水源中的Cu、Mn、Pb、Cd、Zn 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5
用ICP-AES法同时测定饮用水源中的Cu、Mn、Pb、Cd、Zn等重金属元素,具有基体效应小、测量范围宽等优点。检出限为0.2-4.0μg/L,回收率为91.5%-103.9%,相对标准偏差为0.29%-1.5%,测定密码样与实际样品,结果令人满意。 相似文献
20.
P.S Erdman M Fajardo K.M Sando W.C Stwalley 《Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer》2004,88(4):447-481
Experimental results are reported for a unique spectroscopic device called the Plasma Spectroscopy Cell. Optical absorption of lithium metal vapor was observed at high density and temperature. Absorption spectra are analyzed using theoretical calculations of absorption cross sections for lithium-helium interactions, and singlet and triplet state transitions of diatomic lithium in the visible spectral range. This is believed to be the most complex example yet calculated in which absolute bound-bound, bound-free, free-bound, and free-free contributions for all possible optically allowed transitions are all included, in quite respectable agreement with experiment. 相似文献