Variational derivation of improved KP-type of equations

The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation describes nonlinear dispersive waves which travel mainly in one direction, generalizing the Korteweg-de Vries equation for purely uni-directional waves. In this Letter we derive an improved KP-equation that has exact dispersion in the main propagation direction and that is accurate in second order of the wave height. Moreover, different from the KP-equation, this new equation is also valid for waves on deep water. These properties are inherited from the AB-equation (E. van Groesen, Andonowati, 2007 [1]) which is the unidirectional improvement of the KdV equation. The derivation of the equation uses the variational formulation of surface water waves, and inherits the basic Hamiltonian structure.     

景观湖水质的三维荧光指纹

荧光光谱法灵敏度高、选择性强、测量快速便捷,而三维荧光光谱更有信息丰富的优点。荧光光谱与水样具有一一对应的关系,就像水样指纹一样,被称为“水质荧光指纹”。 该文采用三维荧光光谱法研究了北京两个相邻景观湖四季的水质变化。两湖湖水均具有明显的类蛋白质和类腐殖酸的荧光,且类蛋白质的荧光强度较强。荧光强度与自然和人为活动的相关性表明,两湖湖水水质随季节变化明显,春夏季节水质相对较好,秋冬季节水质相对较差;以游船为主的娱乐湖的水质主要受藻类和植物生长等自然因素的影响,而种植等人为因素对植物观赏湖的水质的影响十分重要。由此可见,湖水水质的变化是由湖的功能决定的。在春秋人工清理藻类和植物的残余有利于保护湖体水质。     

液态水微观结构研究的新进展

液态水有很多奇异特性.近年来,对液态水以何种微观结构形式存在的问题争议激烈.文章介绍了当前对水的微观结构的一些研究及其进展,讨论了液态水中的氢键模式与水的结构关系,进而用一个简化模型探讨了氢键的取向性与强弱性对水的异常行为的作用.     

Structured water chains in external electric fields

ABSTRACT

We study the structural, energetic and electronic properties of the structured water chain clusters within the density functional theory. We refer the structured water chains to those water clusters that have specific geometric patterns stretched along one direction. External electric field required to keep the structures open chain, thereby preventing them to form closed structures, is applied along the length of the chain. The structures are essentially periodic with basic repeating unit consisting of the corner- or edge-sharing 4-, 5- or 6-membered ring water clusters. Our calculations underscore the possible existence of such structured water clusters in the electrostatic environments, which we simulate in its simplicity employing a dipolar, uniform and static electric field. Analysis reveals that the 5-membered ring water chain clusters, i.e. the pentamer chain clusters have the lowest average dipole moment per water molecule while the threshold field, that marks the onset of the field-induced closure of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital)-LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy gap, is highest, followed by that for the tetramer and hexamer chains. The results suggest that the pentamer chains are the most stable clusters over a wide range of electric fields.     

Optimizing the antioxidant biocompound recovery from peach waste extraction assisted by ultrasounds or microwaves

The possibility to valorize peach juice waste, either frozen or air-dried, through microwave (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was evaluated. MAE power, UAE amplitude and time were optimized using a 2²-factorial design. For frozen waste, optimal MAE (540 W, 50 s) and UAE (23%, 120 s) processes gave extracts presenting analogous content (on 100 g dry matter) of polyphenols (309–317 mg GAE), flavonoids (94–120 mg QE), anthocyanins (8–9 mg CGE), and similar antioxidant activity (2.1–2.2 mg TE). Extracts from dried waste resulted higher in polyphenols (630–670 mg GAE) but lower in flavonoids (75–90 mg QE), anthocyanins and vitamin C (not detectable). Although developing an energy density 2-fold higher than that of UAE, MAE more efficaciously extracted vitamin C (108 mg/100 g dm) and required half extraction time (50 s). MAE would also be less impactful than UAE in terms of greenhouse gas emission and energy requirements on industrial scale. The industrial valorization of peach waste through the application of microwave or ultrasound assisted extraction requires quantitative data, able to encourage company interest and investment. This study not only identifies optimal MAE and UAE parameters to assist the extraction of peach waste bioactive compounds but also provides a preliminary estimation of the potential economic and environmental impact on an industrial scale of these technologies.     

Laurdan and Prodan as Polarity-Sensitive Fluorescent Membrane Probes

The steady-state and dynamic fluorescence spectral properties of 2-dimethylamino-6-lauroylnaphthalene (LAURDAN) and several other naphthalene derivatives are summarized to illustrate their sensitivity to the polarity of the environment. Results obtained both in solvents of different polarity and in phospholipid vesicles in two phase states are presented. The emission red shift observed in polar solvents and in the phospholipid liquid–crystalline phase is explained on the basis of dipolar relaxation of solvent molecules surrounding the fluorescent naphthalene moiety of these probes. In phospholipid environments, experimental evidence is shown that excludes the intramolecular relative reorientation of the dimethylamino and carbonyl groups in the naphthalene and the reorientation of the entire fluorescent moiety. The solvent dipolar relaxation observed for LAURDAN and PRODAN in phospholipid bilayers has been attributed to a small number of water molecules present at the membrane interface. A comparison between LAURDAN emission in phospholipid vesicles prepared in D₂O and in H₂O is also presented. The definition and the derivation of the generalized polarization function are also discussed.     

不同澄清剂对五味子水提物澄清效果的比较

以680nm处的透光率作为澄清度的指标,比较明胶、淀粉、蛋清和壳聚糖4种澄清剂在不同浓度、温度、处理时间下的澄清效果。结果表明:明胶和壳聚糖澄清效果较好,蛋清次之,而淀粉几乎无澄清作用。0.16%的明胶和0.08%的壳聚糖澄清效果最佳,透光率分别为84.02%和84.44%。蛋清的澄清速度较明胶和壳聚糖慢;温度对蛋清和壳聚糖几乎无影响,但明胶随处理温度升高透光率下降。     

鄱阳湖三维水质模拟软件设计与仿真

随着鄱阳湖生态经济区建设的推进,鄱阳湖水环境保护问题引起了各方高度关注。通过建立水质数学模型,用计算机进行模型求解、模拟和预测,以及设计相应的水质模拟仿真软件来进行水污染扩散仿真,是水污染控制和水环境管理的有效手段。鉴于国外三维水质数据模拟软件价格高、使用受限以及鄱阳湖三维水质数据模拟的特定应用研究需求,利用软件工程的结构化方法和图形可视化技术,设计了一个面向鄱阳湖三维水质数据模拟和分析的软件工具WSAT/H3D-PYH。通过使用该软件进行BOD和DO扩散模拟和趋势预测实验表明,软件具有较好的预测精度,并能以可视化形式直观分析和预测未来一段时间湖区水质浓度的变化趋势。此外,软件还可对局部点污染源扩散进行动态模拟,以便于对突发污染事件可能造成的后果进行提前的估计,为后续治理方案措施的制定提供很好的依据。     

基于MDA法计算水雾粒子红外隐身粒径

水雾隐身技术是一种较为理想且经济适用的目标特征信号控制技术。本文从辐射传输方程出发,考虑水雾粒子的本身辐射和散射,提出以红外表观透射率评价水雾粒子的红外隐身性能。应用Modified Differential Approximation(MDA)法结合MIE理论,计算了水雾粒子红外表观透射率随水雾粒子浓度和粒径的变化关系,得到水雾粒子最佳红外隐身粒径。结果表明:水雾粒子的红外表观透射率随粒子浓度的增加而减小,但当粒子的浓度增加到一定值时,红外表观透射率基本保持不变;水雾粒子的红外表观透射率随粒径的增加先减小后增大,当探测波段为3～5μm时,水雾粒子的最佳红外隐身粒径为6μm;而探测波段为8～12μm时,水雾粒子的最佳红外隐身粒径为12μm。