The dynamics of disordered systems and the motion of vortices in disordered type-II superconductors

We develop a field theoretical method which permits us to study the dynamics of interacting particles in disordered systems. In particular, making use of a Hartree-type approximation, we obtain a self-consistent system of equations for disorder averaged quantities. The method is first applied to a single particle on a rough surface. Then, we calculate the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a type-II superconductor in the flux flow regime. Finally, the structure of the steps is discussed which arise in the I-V-characteristics when a small ac field is superimposed on the constant voltage. These may serve as a probe for incipient melting of the vortex lattice.     

Relativistic many-body theory with radioactive ion beams: Surface pion condensation

We critically review the present relativistic mean-field theory from the viewpoint of missing pions. We introduce the interesting experimental data on pionic states taken at RCNP. These data seem to suggest the occurrence of pion condensation in the nuclear surface. Qualitative discussion is made on the consequence of surface pion condensation on Gamow-Teller transitions and spin response functions and others. The radioactive ion beams are the tools of studying the unstable nuclei, which have extended nuclear surfaces. We shall start with radioactive ion beams the nuclear surface science, which includes the surface pion condensation as the important ingredient in addition to spin-orbit splitting and surface pairing. Received: 1 May 2001 / Accepted: 4 December 2001     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharide (GBLP). The optimum extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of GBLP were obtained as liquid to material ratio of 30 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 340 W, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of GBLP was 5.37 %. Two chemically modified polysaccharides, CM-GBLP and Ac-GBLP, were obtained by carboxymethylation and acetylation of GBLP. The physicochemical properties of these three polysaccharides were comparatively studied and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the solubility of the chemically modified polysaccharides was significantly enhanced and the in vitro antioxidant activity was somewhat improved. This suggests that carboxymethylation and acetylation are effective methods to enhance polysaccharide properties, but the results exhibited some uncontrollability. At the same time, GBLP has also shown high potential for research and application.     

Computational study of shock wave focusing in a log-spiral duct

The mechanism of shock wave focusing in a two-dimensional log-spiral duct has been investigated here numerically using a finite volume method. This approach is based on a MUSCL TVD scheme with flux-vector splitting applied to the Euler equations. The isopycnics determined from the calculations are compared with the experimental results obtained by use of holographic interferometric photography and are found to be in excellent qualitative agreement with the experiments. The computational results clarify the details of the wave interactions very near to the focus. In particular, phenomena such as the formation of secondary shock waves prior to the implosion, their interaction with the reflected shock and the formation of vortices after the implosion have been examined.     

An inviscid model for vortex shedding from a deforming body

An inviscid vortex sheet model is developed in order to study the unsteady separated flow past a two-dimensional deforming body which moves with a prescribed motion in an otherwise quiescent fluid. Following Jones (J Fluid Mech 496, 405–441, 2003) the flow is assumed to comprise of a bound vortex sheet attached to the body and two separate vortex sheets originating at the edges. The complex conjugate velocity potential is expressed explicitly in terms of the bound vortex sheet strength and the edge circulations through a boundary integral representation. It is shown that Kelvin’s circulation theorem, along with the conditions of continuity of the normal velocity across the body and the boundedness of the velocity field, yields a coupled system of equations for the unknown bound vortex sheet strength and the edge circulations. A general numerical treatment is developed for the singular principal value integrals arising in the solution procedure. The model is validated against the results of Jones (J Fluid Mech 496, 405–441, 2003) for computations involving a rigid flat plate and is subsequently applied to the flapping foil experiments of Heathcote et al. (AIAA J, 42, 2196–2204, 2004) in order to predict the thrust coefficient. The utility of the model in simulating aquatic locomotion is also demonstrated, with vortex shedding suppressed at the leading edge of the swimming body.      

Breakup régimes and self-sustained pulsations in coaxial jets

We report on a new flow pattern transition observed in a coaxial jet configuration. Above a critical momentum ratio between the outer and the inner stream, it is found experimentally that the inner potential core breaks down into an unsteady recirculation bubble. The origin of the transition is explained and an expression for the critical velocity ratio is derived. The nature and the features of the pulsation of the bubble are discussed using an original evolution equation which relies on the interplay between the linear growth rate of the jet mixing layer disturbances and the recirculating flow induced delay of the non-linear saturation.

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Sommario In questo articolo si discute di un nuovo tipo di transizione di flusso osservata in una configurazione di getto coassiale. Si stabilisce sperimentalmente che il potenziale interno disgrega la parte interna del flusso in una ricircolazione instabile a bolla oltre un valore critico nel rapporto tra la corrente interna e quella esterna. Viene spiegata l'origine della transizione e viene derivata l'espressione della velocità critica. Sono discusse, inoltre, la natura e le caratteristiche della pulsazione della bolla, avendo a disposizione una equazione di evoluzione originale che evidenzia l'influenza reciproca tra la crescita lineare dei disturbi dello strato di mescolamento del getto ed il flusso ricircolante, che induce il ritardo della saturazione non-lineare.

     

Vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction using a low‐toxicity solvent for the determination of five organophosphorus pesticides in water samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was applied to determine Isocarbophos, Parathion‐methyl, Triazophos, Phoxim and Chlorpyrifos‐methyl in water samples. 1‐Bromobutane was used as the extraction solvent, which has a higher density than water and low toxicity. Centrifugation and disperser solvent were not required in this microextraction procedure. The optimum extraction conditions for 15 mL water sample were: pH of the sample solution, 5; volume of the extraction solvent, 80 μL; vortex time, 2 min; salt addition, 0.5 g. Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factors ranging from 196 to 237 and limits of detection below 0.38 μg/L were obtained for the determination of target pesticides in water. Good linearities (r > 0.9992) were obtained within the range of 1–500 μg/L for all the compounds. The relative standard deviations were in the range of 1.62–2.86% and the recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 89.80 to 104.20%. The whole proposed methodology is simple, rapid, sensitive and environmentally friendly for determining traces of organophosphorus pesticides in the water samples.     

新型低共熔溶剂的制备、表征及物性研究

以氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑鎓([Bmim]Cl)和二元羧酸为原料,由不同摩尔比混合制备了一类新型低共熔溶剂,采用红外光谱对[Bmim]Cl和二元羧酸之间的作用进行了分析。分别测定了其粘度、电导率、密度、折射率等物理性质,并研究了温度、二元羧酸结构和摩尔比对这些物理性质的影响。结果表明,新型低共熔溶剂的粘度随温度的升高而降低,电导率随温度的升高而增加。温度对两者的影响可以采用VTF方程进行精确地拟合。新型低共熔溶剂的密度随温度的升高而呈线性下降。对新型低共熔溶剂的过量摩尔体积进行计算的结果表明,过量摩尔体积均为正值,二元羧酸对过量摩尔体积的贡献远大于[BMIM]Cl,而结构特性的贡献多于物理作用。折射率和密度随二元羧酸碳数的变化趋势基本相似。     

呋喃基聚酯的结构与性能关系研究进展

呋喃基聚酯是指以2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)为主要单体合成的生物基或部分生物基高分子,其主链含有刚性的呋喃环,因而在结构、性能上与大规模使用的传统石油基芳香族聚酯(如PET、PBT)相似,有望在瓶、片、薄膜、化纤等领域部分替代后者。本文综述了呋喃基聚酯的分子结构、聚集态结构以及力学、气体阻隔、降解等性能方面的最新研究进展,讨论了结构与性能之间的关系。重点关注呋喃基聚酯突出的阻隔性能及其对应的影响因素,主要从分子结构(呋喃环的非对称性和极性)和聚集态结构(结晶等)两方面加以阐明。简介了呋喃基聚酯的发展现状及其在包装、纺织等领域的潜在应用,并展望其主要研究趋势。     

Compact finite difference-Fourier spectral method for three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

A new compact finite difference-Fourier spectral hybrid method for solving the three dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is developed in the present paper. The fifth-order upwind compact finite difference schemes for the nonlinear convection terms in the physical space, and the sixth-order center compact schemes for the derivatives in spectral space are described, respectively. The fourth-order compact schemes in a single nine-point cell for solving the Helmholtz equations satisfied by the velocities and pressure in spectral space is derived and its preconditioned conjugate gradient iteration method is studied. The treatment of pressure boundary conditions and the three dimensional non-reflecting outflow boundary conditions are presented. Application to the vortex dislocation evolution in a three dimensional wake is also reported. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China