High longitudinal selectivity of shifting multiplexing in volume holograms

High longitudinal selectivity of the shifting multiplexing with spherical reference wave is proposed and demonstrated. A simplified method based on wave optics is used for calculating the selectivity, and the result fits well the experimental measurement. Under the paraxial condition, a simple formula for the longitudinal selectivity is introduced. With use of an object lens with effective NA=0.817, we obtain that an FWHM of selectivity is as small as 1 μm.     

Size-dependent electron chemical potential: Effect on particle charging

Electrostatic charging of particles of identical composition, but different sizes, is a poorly understood phenomenon that may be of importance in dust storms, generation of lightning, numerous technological applications involving solid particulates, and in the agglomeration of lunar dust and inter-stellar dust clouds. We show that under optical excitation, the relative magnitude of surface to volume de-excitation gives size-dependent electron and hole concentrations. The consequent differences in chemical potentials can lead to charge transfer between particles of different size. The direction of charge transfer, from large to small or vice versa, depends critically on the properties of the materials.     

超短脉冲激光光束在一维反射型体全息光栅中的衍射

基于Kogelnik的耦合波理论,研究了在色散效应的影响下,超短脉冲激光光束在反射型体全息光栅中衍射的性质.研究给出了衍射光及透射光在频谱域及时间域的振幅及强度分布、光栅的光谱宽度及衍射效率随光栅参量及入射条件的变化.数值研究的结果表明,在光栅记录介质色散效应的影响下,衍射光束的光谱宽度减小,脉冲展宽,衍射效率降低.通过适当的选取光栅参量及入射条件,可以控制衍射和透射光束的频谱和时间强度分布,得到满意的衍射和透射光束的带宽和波形,从而可以将其应用于脉冲整形等技术中.     

Wavelet and harmonic filtering for distortion-invariant volume holographic correlation

The wavelet and harmonic filtering method suggested by Zalevsky and Ouzieli is introduced in this paper and adopted in our volume holographic image recognition system. This composite filter combines several scaled versions of the cascaded wavelet and harmonic filter, obtaining high discrimination ability and wide dynamic range of rotation and scale deformations. Optical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the validity and practicability of the algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of using this algorithm in a volume holographic system. Moreover, the separate correlation approach proposed in this paper greatly simplifies the manufacturing process and reduces the cost of the system.     

Two methods for semi-automated quantification of changes in ventricular volume and their use in schizophrenia

Two semi-automated methods for quantification of ventricular volume change from baseline and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans have been developed. Technique 1 employs direct segmentation of the ventricles from both the scans using thresholding and contour extraction. Technique 2 operates on difference images produced by voxel based intensity subtraction of the baseline from the registered follow-up images. Here, all voxels with intensities above a noise threshold and in a restricted area are monitored to compute volumetric changes. In phantom measurements the first technique was accurate to 0.0046%, the second to 0.167% of the phantom volume. Results from normal volunteers was that the average ventricular volume changed by 1.52% and 1.54% for images acquired within 9 months using techniques 1 and 2, respectively. With schizophrenic patients mean change of 10.78% and 9.43% were found employing the first and second procedures, respectively. All measurements agreed with a radiologist’s visual grading of the changes. Robust, objective, fast, easy-to-use, and fairly accurate procedures have been developed and validated to quantify volumetric changes.     

Speckle suppression and contrast enhancement in reconstruction of freehand 3D ultrasound images using an adaptive distance-weighted method

In three-dimensional (3D) freehand ultrasound (US), reconstructing a set of B-scans into a regular voxel array is the key procedure for consequent visualization and analysis. This paper presents a new adaptive interpolation algorithm for computing the voxel array to suppress speckle noises and enhance contrast. The local statistics of homogeneous regions including mean and variance were measured and the ratio of variance to mean was used as homogeneity criteria. For the computation of each voxel, the interpolation method was adaptively determined with respect to its local statistics. If the neighbouring pixels of a voxel satisfied the homogeneity criterion, its value was computed with an arithmetic mean filter. Otherwise, the voxel was probably locating in an inhomogeneous region and an adaptive distance-weighted (ADW) interpolation method was employed to compute its value. A resolution phantom and a subject’s forearm were reconstructed using the proposed algorithm and two other well-known methods - conventional distance-weighted (DW) and voxel nearest neighbourhood (VNN) interpolations. The comparison results demonstrated that the adaptive interpolation algorithm was able to suppress speckles, preserve edges and enhance contrast effectively for the volume reconstruction.     

水下体积目标宽带阵列尺度估计

通过研究目标声纳窄带离散回波模型,论文建立了水下体积目标宽带离散回波模型。并结合均匀线性阵列信号模型,推导出了基于散射亮点形状、距离、方位角等反映目标尺度信息参量的体积目标宽带离散线性均匀阵列回波模型,为水下体积目标探测与尺度估计提供了可靠的理论依据。仿真与实验对比结果证明了模型的正确、有效性,说明了其实用价值。     

A new polar nephelometer for measurement of atmospheric aerosols

The angular dependence of light scattered by aerosol particles in the atmosphere—the aerosol phase function—is one of the key properties of every radiative transfer and climate model. Side-scattering in the atmosphere is currently believed to be underestimated by most of the radiative transfer models in certain cases. The aerosol phase function can be measured with polar nephelometers.An innovative polar nephelometer able to measure the phase function of ambient aerosol directly is presented in this publication. The performance of the device was simulated completely using ray-tracing techniques. The results of these simulations are used to interpret the measurement data precisely. The measurements with the new polar nephelometer are fully automated. The quality of the measurement results was verified using different approaches. The values of the statistical and systematic error in measuring atmospheric aerosol are about 4% each. Scattering angles from 10° to 160° were measured and it is shown that with the same design this range can be extended to 3-177° in steps of 0.16° with an aperture of less than 1.8°.Measurements of the aerosol phase function are presented and compared with data taken with an integrating nephelometer and measurements of the particulate matter concentration. All data correlate very well. The described polar nephelometer can measure the phase function and the scattering coefficient of atmospheric aerosol with high accuracy and can be used for continuous monitoring measurements as well as in field campaigns.     

Modeling of radiative heat transfer in an axisymmetric cylindrical enclosure with participating medium

Radiative heat transfer in an axisymmetric enclosure with absorbing, emitting, and scattering medium is studied here by using the different methods such as MDOM, FVM, and MFVM with emphasis on the treatment of angular derivative term, which appears in curvilinear coordinates due to angular redistribution. After final discretization equation for MFVM is introduced by using the step scheme and directional weights, the present approach is validated by applying it to three different benchmarking problems with absorbing, emitting, and scattering medium. All of the results presented here support its accuracy as well as moderate efficiency. Finally, the present approaches are applied to a truncated cone-shaped enclosure as a body-fitted geometry case.     

Digital volume gratings

An optical element constructed by stacking a set of binary-phase grating sheets can simulate the functions of optically recorded volume gratings. Our electromagnetic numerical study also shows that if one of the grating sheets is replaced by another one with different grating period, power spectrum of the diffracted wave changes completely with extra diffraction orders. This property will claim strong advantage in security document applications. Analysis of alignment error reveals interesting phenomena concerning to how misalignment affects diffraction efficiency.