High-Resolution Infrared-Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoion and Pulsed Field Ionization-Photoelectron Methods for Spectroscopic Studies of Neutrals and Cations

We show that by scanning the frequency of a single mode infrared (IR) optical parametric oscillator (IR-OPO) laser to excite the molecular species of interest and fixing the frequency of a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser to photoionize the IR excited species, high-resolution IR spectra of polyatomic neutrals can be obtained with high sensitivity. The fact that this IR-VUV-photoion (IR-VUV-PI) method is based on VUV photoionization probe, and thus, allows the identification of the neutral IR absorber, makes it applicable for IR spectroscopy measurements of isotopemers, radicals, and clusters, which usually exist as impure samples. The highly resolved IR-VUV-PI measurements achieved using the single mode IR-OPO laser have made possible the selection of single rovibrational states of CH3X (X=Br and I), C2H4, and C3H4 for VUV-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (VUV-PFI-PE) measurements, resulting in rovibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra for these polyatomic molecules. These experiments show that the signal-to-noise ratios of the IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PE spectra obtained by employing the high-resolution IR-OPO laser are significantly higher than those observed in previous IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PE studies using a low-resolution IR-OPO laser. Further improvement in sensitivity of IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PE measurements by using the collinear arrangement of IR-VUV lasers and molecular beam is discussed.     

A remark on the Kazhikhov–Smagulov type model: The vanishing initial density

This work deals with the global existence of weak solutions for a Kazhikhov–Smagulov type system with a density which may or not vanish. Our model is formally equivalent to the physical compressible model with Fick’s law, in contrast to those in previous works. This model may be used for addressing environmental problems such as propagation of pollutants and avalanche modelling. We also explain why this system may be seen as a physical regularization of the standard nonhomogeneous incompressible Navier–Stokes equations and we give an existence result with an initial density less regular but away from the vacuum.     

Singular behavior of vacuum states for compressible fluids

In this survey paper, we will present the recent work on the study of the compressible fluids with vacuum states by illustrating its interesting and singular behavior through some systems of fluid dynamics, that is, Euler equations, Euler–Poisson equations and Navier–Stokes equations. The main concern is the well-posedness of the problem when vacuum presents and the singular behavior of the solution near the interface separating the vacuum and the gas. Furthermore, the relation of the solutions for the gas dynamics with vacuum to those of the Boltzmann equation will also be discussed. In fact, the results obtained so far for vacuum states are far from being complete and satisfactory. Therefore, this paper can only be served as an introduction to this interesting field which has many open and challenging mathematical problems. Moreover, the problems considered here are limited to the author's interest and knowledge in this area.     

Development of Output Windows for High-Power Long-Pulse Gyrotrons and EC Wave Applications

Electron cyclotron heating (ECH) is one of the main candidates for heating and current drive on ITER (170 GHz) and W7-X (140 GHz). High unit power (1 MW or greater) and high efficiency single-mode continuous-wave (CW) gyrotrons are under development in order to reduce significantly the systems costs. Face-cooled double-disk sapphire and silicon nitride windows (FC-75 liquid cooling), cryogenically edge-cooled single-disk sapphire (liquid nitrogen, liquid neon or liquid helium cooling) and silicon (230 K refrigerator cooling) windows, water-edge-cooled single-disk CVD-diamond windows and water-cooled distributed windows are being investigated in order to solve the window problem. A water-cooled window has two very important advantages; it employs a cheap and effective coolant and it is compact and probably more reliable than other solutions and thus can also be easily used as a torus window. The present paper summarizes the development status of high-power millimeter-wave windows with emphasis on CVD diamond.     

New double graded structure for enhanced performance in white organic light emitting diode

This study presents a new design that uses a combination of a graded hole transport layer (GH) structure and a gradually doped emissive layer (GE) structure as a double graded (DG) structure to improve the electrical and optical performance of white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs). The proposed structure is ITO/m-MTDATA (15 nm)/NPB (15 nm)/NPB: 25% BAlq (15 nm)/NPB: 50% BAlq (15 nm)/BAlq: 0.5% Rubrene (10 nm)/BAlq: 1% Rubrene (10 nm)/BAlq: 1.5% Rubrene (10 nm)/Alq₃ (20 nm)/LiF (0.5 nm)/Al (200 nm). (m-MTDATA: 4,4′,4″ -tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine; NPB: N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl-phenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine; BAlq: aluminum (III) bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato) 4-phenylphenolate; Rubrene: 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene; Alq₃: tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum). By using this structure, the best performance of the WOLED is obtained at a luminous efficiency at 11.8 cd/A and the turn-on voltage of 100 cd/m² at 4.6 V. The DG structure can eliminate the discrete interface, and degrade surplus holes, the electron-hole pairs are efficiently injected and balanced recombination in the emissive layer, thus the spectra are unchanged under various drive currents and quenching effects can be significantly suppressed. Those advantages can enhance efficiency and are immune to drive current density variations.     

真空预压软基处理沉降监测分析

在天津滨海新区某真空预压处理现场进行了地面沉降和分层沉降监测,地面沉降总量80～160mm左右,由工前沉降和施工沉降组成;分层沉降监测资料揭示了沉降量主要产生在吹填土和海相沉积软弱地层中,而且埋设分层沉降观测设施在软弱地层形成的扰动带,会产生难以避免的误差。由于塑料排水带的存在,增加了真空预压场地中软土的渗透性,通过理论推导和具体算例,提出了利用沉降观测资料计算土体固结度需考虑其瞬时沉降,建议计算采用地基处理手册相关公式为宜。     

Modeling and analysis of vacuum membrane distillation for the recovery of volatile aroma compounds from black currant juice

A vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) model has been developed and validated with experimental data. The model consists of an extended transport model for the VMD process and is able to predict the effects of concentration and temperature polarization on the overall process performance. To validate the model, first it was tested with few experimental case studies from literature [S. Bandini, G.G. Sarti, Heat and mass transport resistances in vacuum membrane distillation per drop, AIChE J. 45 (7) (1999) 1422–1433; K.W. Lawson, D.R. Lloyd, Membrane distillation. I. Module design and performance evaluation using vacuum membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 120 (1996) 111–121; A.M. Urtiaga, G. Ruiz, I. Ortiz, Kinetic analysis of the vacuum membrane distillation of chloroform from aqueous solutions, J. Membr. Sci. 165 (2000) 99–110]. Then the VMD model has been validated with experimental data collected from the recovery of aroma compounds from black currant [R.B. Jørgensen, A.S. Meyer, C. Varming, G. Jonsson, Recovery of volatile aroma compounds from black currant juice by vacuum membrane distillation, J. Food Eng. 64 (2004) 23–31]. In this work, recovery of 12 characteristic volatile aroma compounds from black currant juice has been studied. The simulated results from the VMD model, in terms of aroma concentration in the permeate have been compared with those obtained from laboratory experiments. The validated model has been used to study the effects of various process and membrane parameters on the concentration factor. The physical properties of various aroma compounds have been predicted using group contribution method as a function of temperature.     

GLOBAL STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS WITH DISCONTINUOUS INITIAL DATA CONTAINING VACUUM STATES FOR THE RELATIVISTIC EULER EQUATIONS

The global stability of Lipschitz continuous solutions with discontinuous initial data for the relativistic Euler equations is established in a broad class of entropy solutions in L∞containing vacuum states. As a corollary, the uniqueness of Lipschitz solutions with discontinuous initial data is obtained in the broad class of entropy solutions in     

Identification of structures in absorption spectrum of Kr-Xe gas mixtures close to the Xe resonance line at 146.96 nm

The origins of spectral structures that appear close to the Xe resonance line at 146.96 nm in absorption spectra of Kr gas with an admixture of Xe are discussed in this paper. It is shown that these structures can result from bound-bound and bound-free transitions in the Xe-Kr molecule between the ground state and the 1(³P₁) excited state, which both are weakly-bound. The depth of the excited state is estimated. An introduction of a hump on the 1(³P₁) state internuclear potential is suggested. Received 15 December 1999 and Received in final form 20 February 2000     

Synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite platelets by vacuum impregnation

In perovskite solar cells and optoelectronics, perovskite film morphology controls the performance of the device. Various methods have been developed to control the morphology and coverage of the perovskite films. In this article platelet type perovskite morphlogy was synthesized using low temperature vacuum impregnation of the perovskite solution CH₃NH₃PbI₃ resulting in complete coverage on TiO₂ film. Vacuum impregnation synthesis of perovskites has the advantage of low cost and low temperature which faciliates application in flexible electronics and solar cells.