Measurements of coating density using ultrasonic reflection coefficient phase spectrum

A nondestructive method to determine the density of coating has been proposed in this paper based on the ultrasonic reflection coefficient phase spectrum (URCPS). A model was set up first to represent the ultrasonic waves reflected from a coating system at normal incident, and the relation between the extremum of URCPS and the coating density was established to provide the principle of determining the density. The ultrasonic method was validated on a series of ZrO2-7 wt.%Y2O3 (YSZ) coatings with various density. The specimens were prepared by electric beam physical vapor deposit (EB-PVD). After deposition, the specimens were irradiated using high-intensity pulsed ion beam (HIPIB) at different ion current density of 100 and 200 A/cm2 to change coating density. The coating densities of as-deposited and post irradiation by HIPIB were derived to be 4940-5030, 5200-5320 and 5390-5470 kg/m3, respectively. The relative error between the coating density measured by the ultrasonic method and Archimedean principle ranging from 2.53% to 6.11%, indicates that the proposed ultrasonic quantification method provides a reliable nondestructive way to determine coating density.     

Study on the bubble transport mechanism in an acoustic standing wave field

The use of bubbles in applications such as surface chemistry, drug delivery, and ultrasonic cleaning etc. has been enormously popular in the past two decades. It has been recognized that acoustically-driven bubbles can be used to disturb the flow field near a boundary in order to accelerate physical or chemical reactions on the surface. The interactions between bubbles and a surface have been studied experimentally and analytically. However, most of the investigations focused on violently oscillating bubbles (also known as cavitation bubble), less attention has been given to understand the interactions between moderately oscillating bubbles and a boundary. Moreover, cavitation bubbles were normally generated in situ by a high intensity laser beam, little experimental work has been carried out to study the translational trajectory of a moderately oscillating bubble in an acoustic field and subsequent interactions with the surface. This paper describes the design of an ultrasonic test cell and explores the mechanism of bubble manipulation within the test cell. The test cell consists of a transducer, a liquid medium and a glass backing plate. The acoustic field within the multi-layered stack was designed in such a way that it was effectively one dimensional. This was then successfully simulated by a one dimensional network model. The model can accurately predict the impedance of the test cell as well as the mode shape (distribution of particle velocity and stress/pressure field) within the whole assembly. The mode shape of the stack was designed so that bubbles can be pushed from their injection point onto a backing glass plate. Bubble radial oscillation was simulated by a modified Keller–Miksis equation and bubble translational motion was derived from an equation obtained by applying Newton’s second law to a bubble in a liquid medium. Results indicated that the bubble trajectory depends on the acoustic pressure amplitude and initial bubble size: an increase of pressure amplitude or a decrease of bubble size forces bubbles larger than their resonant size to arrive at the target plate at lower heights, while the trajectories of smaller bubbles are less influenced by these factors. The test cell is also suitable for testing the effects of drag force on the bubble motion and for studying the bubble behavior near a surface.     

Shape effect of elongated grains on ultrasonic attenuation in polycrystalline materials

Longitudinal and transverse wave attenuation coefficients are obtained in a simple integral form for ultrasonic waves in cubic polycrystalline materials with elongated grains. Dependences of attenuation on frequency and grain shape are described in detail. The explicit analytical solutions for ellipsoidal grains in the Rayleigh and stochastic frequency limits are given for a wave propagating in an arbitrary direction relative to ellipsoid axes. The attenuation exhibits classic frequency dependence in those frequency limits. However, the dependence on the grain shape in the stochastic limits is unexpected: it is independent of the cross-section of the ellipsoidal grains and depends only on the grain dimension in the propagation direction. In the Rayleigh region attenuation is proportional to effective volume of the ellipsoidal grain and is independent of its shape. A complex behavior of attenuation on the grain shape/size and frequency is exhibited in the transition region. The results obtained reduce to the classic dependences of attenuation on parameters for polycrystals with equiaxed grains.     

A new standing-wave-type linear ultrasonic motor based on in-plane modes

This paper presents a new standing-wave-type linear ultrasonic motor using combination of the first longitudinal and the second bending modes. Two piezoelectric plates in combination with a metal thin plate are used to construct the stator. The superior point of the stator is its isosceles triangular structure part of the stator, which can amplify the displacement in horizontal direction of the stator in perpendicular direction when the stator is operated in the first longitudinal mode. The influence of the base angle θ of the triangular structure part on the amplitude of the driving foot has been analyzed by numerical analysis. Four prototype stators with different angles θ have been fabricated and the experimental investigation of these stators has validated the numerical simulation. The overall dimensions of the prototype stators are no more than 40 mm (length) × 20 mm (width) × 5 mm (thickness). Driven by an AC signal with the driving frequency of 53.3 kHz, the no-load speed and the maximal thrust of the prototype motor using the stator with base angle 20° were 98 mm/s and 3.2 N, respectively. The effective elliptical motion trajectory of the contact point of the stator can be achieved by the isosceles triangular structure part using only two PZTs, and thus it makes the motor low cost in fabrication, simple in structure and easy to realize miniaturization.     

Synthesis of low-melting-point metallic nanoparticles with an ultrasonic nanoemulsion method

A one-step, economical nanoemulsion method has been introduced to synthesize low-melting-point metallic nanoparticles. This nanoemulsion technique exploits the extremely high shear rates generated by the ultrasonic agitation and the relatively large viscosity of the continuous phase - polyalphaolefin (PAO), to rupture the molten metal down to diameter below 100 nm. Field’s metal nanoparticles and Indium nanoparticles of respective average diameters of 15 nm and 30 nm have been obtained. The nanoparticles size and shape are determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their phase transition behavior is examined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It is found that these nanoparticles dispersed in PAO can undergo reversible, melting-freezing phase transition, and exhibit a relatively large hysteresis. The experimental results suggest that the nanoemulsion method is a viable route for mass production of low-melting nanoparticles.     

Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on structure and electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 thin films cathode material for Li-ion micro-batteries

Two kinds of spinel LiMn₂O₄ thin film for lithium ion micro-batteries were successfully prepared on polycrystal Pt substrates by spin coating methods, which were carried out under ultrasonic irradiation (USG) and magnetic stirring (MSG), respectively. The microstructures and electrochemical performance of LiMn₂O₄ thin films were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. It was found that the crystalline structure of USG samples grew better than that of the MSG samples. At the same time, higher discharge capacity and better cycle stability were obtained for the LiMn₂O₄ thin films of USG at the current density of 50 μAh/cm² between 3.0 and 4.3 V. The 1st discharge capacity was 57.8 μAh/cm²-μm for USG thin films and 51.7 μAh/cm²-μm for MSG thin films. After 50 cycles, 91.4% and 69% of discharge capacity could be retained respectively, indicating that ultrasonic irradiation condition during spin coating was more suitable for preparing spinel LiMn₂O₄ thin films with better electrode performance for lithium ion micro-batteries.     

Studies on nano suspensions of silver sol and redispersed nanocrystallite silver in aqueous and alcoholic media

Nanocrystallite silver and silver sol were prepared and characterized by UV-visible spectra, XRD, TEM and HRTEM. The crystallite silver is re-dispersed in two different media, namely, water and alcohol and sonicated before ultrasonic investigation. The silver sol was used as such. Three different models for the propagation of ultrasound through two phase media are compared in these three different types of nano suspensions. Effect of particle size and medium on ultrasonic velocity (U), compressibility (κ) impedance (Z) and viscous relaxation time (τ) is studied. The particle concentration range was 0.2-1 v/v. Density and viscosity of the dispersion and sol are measured at different particle volume fractions. Effective density and ultrasonic velocity are computed by Urick, Kuster and Toksöz and Urick and Ament models and compared with experimental velocities. Values of effective density obtained by using Urick and Urick and Ament equations closely agree with experimental results of density while Urick's equation prediction of velocity is in close agreement with the experimental velocities. This comes as a surprise in view of the large density difference between the medium and suspended particle and suggests the possibility of the balancing effect of the inertial and viscous forces operating in the suspension.     

超声喷雾热解法制备SnS薄膜的物性研究

用超声喷雾热解法制备SnS多晶薄膜,对比了三种不同前驱液配比浓度对SnS薄膜性能的影响。XRD测试表明,当前驱液为硫脲(0.5 mol·L-1)+四氯化锡(0.5 mol·L-1)+去离子水时,SnO2的衍射峰强度比较大;当前驱液为硫脲(0.6 mol·L-1)+四氯化锡(0.5 mol·L-1)+去离子水时,SnS的衍射峰占主要地位,其中也含有一定量的SnO2;当前驱液为硫脲(0.7 mol·L-1)+四氯化锡(0.5 mol·L-1)+去离子水时,退火后的薄膜为单一的SnS薄膜,具有斜方晶系结构。SEM观测发现,薄膜均匀、致密,前驱液中硫脲浓度较大时,颗粒也较大。透过谱测试表明,浓度对薄膜透过率影响较小。结合器件的暗I-V和C-V测试,用三种前驱液配比浓度所制备的器件的结特性差异不大;当前驱液中硫脲浓度较大时,载流子浓度相对较大。     

The effect of solute on ultrasonic grain refinement of magnesium alloys

An experimental study has been conducted to assess the structural refinement of magnesium and its alloys by ultrasonic irradiation during solidification. It is shown that (i) ultrasonic irradiation leads to significant refinement only in the presence of adequate solute, which is alloy dependent; (ii) the attendant grain density increases linearly with increase in solute content at a given irradiation level; (iii) increasing the solute content at a low irradiation level above the cavitation threshold is more effective than substantially increasing the irradiation intensity; and (iv) the difference in the grain size between two ultrasonicated magnesium alloys is mainly determined by the solute content rather than the irradiation intensity. In view of these, the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on solute redistribution in a solidifying magnesium alloy seems rather limited even at a substantial intensity level such as 1700 W cm⁻². The implications of these findings are discussed and a mechanism is proposed to account for the experimental observations.     

Determination of three-dimensional solubility parameters of chlorinated polypropylene by ultrasonic degradation

The degradation reactions of chlorinated polypropylene (CPP) in toluene under ultrasonic irradiation were studied. The Mark–Houwink equation acquired from fractional precipitations was also suitable for estimating the molecular weight of degraded CPP. An objective standard was proposed for judging the solution behaviour of CPP in solvents by the study on the relative solubility of CPP before and after degradation. Then Hansen three-dimensional solubility parameters and the total parameter of CPP were obtained by optimization calculation in terms of the criterion proposed here. It was proved that the total parameter of CPP is creditable by the turbidity method. Compared to other standards, the result obtained from the proposed standard accorded well with the standard of complete miscibility suggested by Flory–Huggins for polymers and solvents as well as the objective reality. This standard may provide a reference for other polymers.