Elastic and ultrasonic properties of single crystalline nickel nanowires

In the present paper, we have theoretically calculated the non linear elastic constants of single crystalline Ni NWs at very broad temperature range 20–300 K validating simple interaction potential model. The temperature dependent ultrasonic attenuation and other related properties are determined using their second and third order elastic constants (SOECs/TOECs). Where possible, the results are compared with experiments from literature. There is a correlation between the thermal conductivity and ultrasonic attenuation in the temperature range 100–300 K. Also, a correlation between the resistivity and ultrasonic attenuation in the temperature range 40–100 K has been established validating the theoretical approach.     

Quantitative evaluation of ultrasonic C-scan image in acoustically homogeneous and layered anisotropic materials using three dimensional ray tracing method

Quantitative evaluation of ultrasonic C-scan images in homogeneous and layered anisotropic austenitic materials is of general importance for understanding the influence of anisotropy on wave fields during ultrasonic non-destructive testing and evaluation of these materials. In this contribution, a three dimensional ray tracing method is presented for evaluating ultrasonic C-scan images quantitatively in general homogeneous and layered anisotropic austenitic materials. The directivity of the ultrasonic ray source in general homogeneous columnar grained anisotropic austenitic steel material (including layback orientation) is obtained in three dimensions based on Lamb’s reciprocity theorem. As a prerequisite for ray tracing model, the problem of ultrasonic ray energy reflection and transmission coefficients at an interface between (a) isotropic base material and anisotropic austenitic weld material (including layback orientation), (b) two adjacent anisotropic weld metals and (c) anisotropic weld metal and isotropic base material is solved in three dimensions. The influence of columnar grain orientation and layback orientation on ultrasonic C-scan image is quantitatively analyzed in the context of ultrasonic testing of homogeneous and layered austenitic steel materials. The presented quantitative results provide valuable information during ultrasonic characterization of homogeneous and layered anisotropic austenitic steel materials.     

Mode perturbation method for optimal guided wave mode and frequency selection

With a thorough understanding of guided wave mechanics, researchers can predict which guided wave modes will have a high probability of success in a particular nondestructive evaluation application. However, work continues to find optimal mode and frequency selection for a given application. This “optimal” mode could give the highest sensitivity to defects or the greatest penetration power, increasing inspection efficiency. Since material properties used for modeling work may be estimates, in many cases guided wave mode and frequency selection can be adjusted for increased inspection efficiency in the field. In this paper, a novel mode and frequency perturbation method is described and used to identify optimal mode points based on quantifiable wave characteristics. The technique uses an ultrasonic phased array comb transducer to sweep in phase velocity and frequency space. It is demonstrated using guided interface waves for bond evaluation. After searching nearby mode points, an optimal mode and frequency can be selected which has the highest sensitivity to a defect, or gives the greatest penetration power. The optimal mode choice for a given application depends on the requirements of the inspection.     

铝制焊接容器超声导波成像检测

针对中厚板铝制焊接容器的安全评价需要,论文研究了超声导波成像检测技术。通过对铝制焊接容器中不同模态超声导波的频散曲线及波结构分析,选择激励频率为2 MHz的S1模态作为中厚板铝制焊接容器健康监测的导波模态,并研制了适合铝制容器检测的2 MHz/S1模态压电晶片换能器,建立了超声导波成像系统。实验结果表明,该方法仅需经过有限次的扫查,就可以得到容器全壁厚范围内健康信息的超声导波图像,从而清晰地识别容器内的缺陷。该研究为中厚板铝制焊接容器的健康监测提供可行的技术方案。     

超声浸提-No Gas-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定工作场所空气中铊及其化合物

铊（Thallium,Tl）是一种有毒的金属元素,主要用于半导体、电子设备、农药和灭鼠剂的生产,会对职业人群的身体健康造成潜在的威胁,工作场所空气中铊及其化合物浓度的测定对保证职业人群的健康具有重要意义。虽然工作场所空气中痕量铊的毒性高于其他有毒金属元素,但对其研究却很少。目前工作场所空气中铊及其化合物浓度检测方法主要是原子吸收光谱法（AAS）,但该方法有不足之处。建立了超声浸提-No Gas-电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定工作场所空气中铊及其化合物（以205Tl计）的新方法。在采样点,按照GBZ 159-2004方法用0.8 μm孔径的微孔滤膜对工作场所空气进行短时间采样。检测过程中,考察了不同超声浸提条件对测定结果的影响,并对质谱干扰及消除进行了分析。最终优化的实验条件为3%硝酸在室温条件下对采集的滤膜样品进行超声浸提10 min,采用No Gas模式对工作场所空气中铊及其化合物（以205Tl计）进行ICP-MS分析。在该实验条件下得出铊及其化合物在0.087～80 ng·mL-1浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（Y=0.009 2X-0.001 8,R=0.999 9）;检出限为0.026 ng·mL-1,当采样体积为75 L时,最低检出浓度为0.001 7 μg·m-3,最低定量浓度为0.005 7 μg·m-3。用质控样品（滤膜中铊质量控制样品ZK147和ZK148）验证了本方法的精密度和准确度,结果显示测定值与参考值之间无显著性差异,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.77%和0.86%。用加标法（3倍于滤膜中铊含量的常见干扰元素）对建立的新方法进行干扰分析,回收率在97.2%～106.7%之间,表明本法抗干扰能力较强。用本法与国标方法《工作场所空气有毒物质测定 第25部分：铊及其化合物》（GBZ/T 300.25-2017）溶剂洗脱-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法相比较,10个实际样品的测定结果基本一致。相对于现行国标方法,该方法具有操作简单、检出限低、线性范围宽和准确度高的优点,能够满足实际工作场所空气中铊及其化合物的准确、快速、痕量及高通量测定需求。该方法有望成为工作场所空气中铊及其化合物测定的新方法,可更高效地为特定职业人群健康监护提供参考和依据。     

逐级溶剂处理对子长煤有机质大分子结构的影响

从分子水平上理解低阶煤有机质大分子结构的解聚和解离是对其进行高效利用并从中获取高附加值化学品亟需解决的关键问题。为了探究煤有机质大分子结构的解聚和解离机理,借助核磁共振碳谱（13C NMR）、X射线光电子能谱技术（XPS）以及热重分析（TG/DTG）对经过常温超声萃取、醇解、催化醇解逐级溶剂处理的子长低阶煤的化学结构性能进行表征。研究表明,在本实验条件下,溶剂处理降低了煤中脂肪碳比例（f_al）,提高了芳碳比例（f_a）,对碳、氧元素存在形态影响很大;即对大分子结构进行了不同程度的解聚和解离,使其热稳定性增加。经二硫化碳/丙酮（CS₂/AC）常温超声萃取,煤中的氧脂碳（fO1_al,fO2_al,fO3_al）及氧芳碳（fO1_a,fO2_a）结构增加,羰基碳（fC_a）结构降低,平均亚甲基链长（C_n）减小,芳桥碳比例（χ_b）降低,说明CS₂/AC常温超声萃取削弱并解聚了煤大分子结构中以多聚羟基为主的网状体系,C_alk-O,C_ar-O等氧桥键结构增多;而部分羰基碳结构被解离。同时,CS₂/AC解离了通过π-π作用等非共价键作用束缚在煤中的芳烃和脂肪烃片段。经乙醇醇解处理,煤的f_al降至24.89%,f_a升至73.05%,C_n降低,而甲基碳（f1_al）增加,说明醇解过程中发生了亲核取代反应,部分键能较弱的C_alk-O和C_alk-C_alk键断裂。继续经催化醇解作用后,煤中的氧接芳碳（fO3_a）含量明显降低,C_n大幅减小,说明煤中有机质进一步发生解离,部分C_alk-O,C_ar-O和C_ar-C_alk键断裂。     

A comparative study between classical stirred and ultrasonically-assisted dead-end ultrafiltration

The aim of this work was to determine mass transfer coefficients in the cases of ultrasonically-assisted and classical stirred dead-end ultrafiltration. A comparative study was then performed, and mass transfer coefficients obtained under ultrasonic conditions are described by an empirical model. This correlation results from an analogy with what is observed using a stirred cell and involves the ultrasonic power as the main parameter. The hydrodynamics are assumed to depend on the intensity of the ultrasound effects illustrated by the agitation arising within the cell. This agitation is due to convective currents as well as physical effects due to cavitation. The concentration polarization phenomenon is therefore affected by this action of ultrasonic waves.     

Brewing coffee? – Ultra-sonication has clear beneficial effects on the extraction of key volatile aroma components and triglycerides

Ultrasound has been investigated as a new technique for brewing coffee. A two-level factorial experimental design was conducted to identify the effects of ultra-sonication on the extraction of coffee components during ultrasonically-assisted coffee brewing. Different brews were produced by aqueous extraction from roasted ground coffee beans with sonication, and without it as a control, by varying coffee concentration (5% and 10% w/w), temperature (25 and 50 °C) and sonication time (1 and 5 min). These brews were tested for antioxidant capacity (using the ABTS assay), caffeine and triglycerides (using quantitative NMR spectroscopy) and specific aroma/flavour volatiles (using headspace SPME-GC-MS). Additional observations of colour, foaming, body and flavour were also reported. Ultrasound was found to significantly increase the extraction of caffeine, triglycerides and several of the key volatile compounds from coffee, although it did appear to decrease the concentration of antioxidants over the controls, especially with longer time and higher temperature. Furthermore, all the sonicated samples exhibited a lighter caramel colour and lower foam formation which were attributed to their higher triglyceride content. The increased concentration of triglycerides and volatiles were by far the most outstanding responses.     

Grain refinement caused by intensified cavitation within narrow channel and its improvement to ultrasonically soldered Al joint property

In this work, grain refinement of the aluminum soldered joint was obtained by applying cavitation within narrow channels and the possible grain refinement mechanism was proposed. Aluminum sheets with different channel widths were ultrasonically soldered by pure Sn in air. An ultrasonic system with a TC4 sonotrode, was operated at a frequency of 20 kHz and power of 1000 W during soldering. The effect of channel width on grain size, element distribution and strength of the soldered joint was studied. Results showed that the grain size decreased from 2.62 to 1.04 µm and the element ratio of Al in solder increased from 0.93 to 4.86% when the channel width decreased from 0.8 to 0.2 mm. Instant solidification of Sn grains was readily observed in the joint before cooling due to the large undercooling induced by the intensified cavitation inside the narrow channels. The random cavitation induced nucleation of Sn was believed to be mainly responsible for the grain refinement of the soldered joint. The shear strength of the joint increased from 29.5 to 48.8 MPa and the hardness increased from 16.5 to 25.2 HV due to the grain refinement of Sn and the presence of Al transferred from the substrates.     

Numerical investigation of cavitation generated by an ultrasonic dental scaler tip vibrating in a compressible liquid

Bacterial biofilm accumulation around dental implants is a significant problem leading to peri-implant diseases and implant failure. Cavitation occurring in the cooling water around ultrasonic scaler tips can be used as a novel solution to remove debris without any surface damage. However, current clinically available instruments provide insufficient cavitation around the activated tip surface. To solve this problem a critical understanding of the vibro-acoustic behaviour of the scaler tip and the associated cavitation dynamics is necessary. In this research, we carried out a numerical study for an ultrasound dental scaler with a curved shape tip vibrating in water, using ABAQUS based on the finite element method. We simulated the three-dimensional, nonlinear and transient interaction between the vibration and deformation of the scaler tip, the water flow around the scaler and the cavitation formation and dynamics. The numerical model was well validated with the experiments and there was excellent agreement for displacement at the free end of the scaler. A systematic parametric study has been carried out for the cavitation volume around the scaler tip in terms of the frequency, amplitude and power of the tip vibration. The numerical results indicate that the amount of cavitation around the scaler tip increases with the frequency and amplitude of the vibration. However, if the frequency is far from the natural frequency, the cavitation volume around the free end decreases due to reduced free end vibration amplitude.