Price competition and store competition: Store brands vs. national brand

This paper studies pricing strategies in a market channel composed of one national brand manufacturer and two retailers who, each, carry their own store brand and a national brand products. The model accounts for product competition between store brands and the national brand products, as well as for store competition between retailers.     

Two weight commutators in the Dirichlet and Neumann Laplacian settings

In this paper we establish the characterization of the weighted BMO via two weight commutators in the settings of the Neumann Laplacian ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{N_{+}}$ on the upper half space ${\mathbb{R}}_{+}^n$ and the reflection Neumann Laplacian ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_N$ on ${\mathbb{R}}^n$ with respect to the weights associated to ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{N_{+}}$ and ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_N$ respectively. This in turn yields a weak factorization for the corresponding weighted Hardy spaces, where in particular, the weighted class associated to ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_N$ is strictly larger than the Muckenhoupt weighted class and contains non-doubling weights. In our study, we also make contributions to the classical Muckenhoupt–Wheeden weighted Hardy space (BMO space respectively) by showing that it can be characterized via the area function (Carleson measure respectively) involving the semigroup generated by the Laplacian on ${\mathbb{R}}^n$ and that the duality of these weighted Hardy and BMO spaces holds for Muckenhoupt $A^p$ weights with $p\in (1,2]$ while the previously known related results cover only $p\in (1,\frac{n+1}{n}]$. We also point out that this two weight commutator theorem might not be true in the setting of general operators L, and in particular we show that it is not true when L is the Dirichlet Laplacian ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{D_{+}}$ on ${\mathbb{R}}_{+}^n$.     

Price coordination in distribution channels: A dynamic perspective

In this study, we investigate two important questions related to dynamic pricing in distribution channels: (i) Are coordinated pricing decisions efficient in a context where prices have carry-over effects on demand? (ii) Should firms practice a skimming or a penetration strategy if they choose to coordinate or to decentralize their activities? To answer these questions, we consider a differential game that takes place in a bilateral monopoly where the past retail prices paid by consumers contribute to the building of a reference price. The latter is used by consumers as a benchmark to evaluate the value of the product, and by firms to decide whether to adopt a skimming or a penetration strategy.     

Channel capacities via p-summing norms

In this paper we show how the metric theory of tensor products developed by Grothendieck perfectly fits in the study of channel capacities, a central topic in Shannon's information theory. Furthermore, in the last years Shannon's theory has been fully generalized to the quantum setting, and revealed qualitatively new phenomena in comparison. In this paper we consider the classical capacity of quantum channels with restricted assisted entanglement. These capacities include the classical capacity and the unlimited entanglement-assisted classical capacity of a quantum channel. Our approach to restricted capacities is based on tools from functional analysis, and in particular the notion of p  -summing maps going back to Grothendieck's work. Pisier's noncommutative vector-valued _Lp$L_p$ spaces allow us to establish the new connection between functional analysis and information theory in the quantum setting.     

Transient response of two collinear dielectric cracks in a piezoelectric solid under inplane impacts

The paper is focused on the dynamic analysis of two collinear dielectric cracks in a piezoelectric material under the action of in-plane electromechanical impacts. Considering the dielectric permeability of crack interior, the electric displacements at the crack surfaces are governed by the jumps of electric potential and crack opening displacement across the cracks. The permeable and impermeable crack models are the limiting cases of the general one. The Laplace and Fourier transform techniques are further utilized to solve the mixed initial-boundary-value problem, and then to obtain the singular integral equations with Cauchy kernel, which are solved numerically. Dynamic intensity factors of stress, electric displacement and crack opening displacement are determined in time domain by means of a numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. Numerical results for PZT-5H are calculated to show the effects of the dielectric permeability inside the cracks, applied electric loadings and the geometry of the cracks on the fracture parameters in graphics. The observations reveal that based on the COD intensity factor, a positive electric field enhances the dynamic dielectric crack growth and a negative one impedes the dynamic dielectric crack growth in a piezoelectric solid.     

信息不对称下混合渠道零售商创新投入的供应链影响研究

通过建立Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了在混合渠道下零售商创新投入对供应链的影响,分析了零售商创新成本系数信息对称和不对称两种情况下各方的决策变量和利润受创新成本系数,制造商对零售商创新信息掌握的不确定性程度,需求转移系数,市场潜力及创新潜力等的影响关系。研究结果发现制造商总能通过信息分享受益,另外得到了零售商愿意分享成本信息以及使得供应链整体受益的条件,这些为制造商信息分享决策提供了依据。最后通过算例分析对结果进行了验证。     

Joint decision on production and pricing for online dual channel supply chain system

Online dual channel supply chain system and its joint decision on production and pricing under information asymmetry are investigated. First, optimal production and pricing strategies are depicted according to the centralized system. Next, two kinds of contracts are designed for the decentralized system to coordinate the channel system, and their production and pricing decisions are depicted using a principle-agent method for the asymmetric information on the traditional channel. Finally, some interesting insights are found: the centralized system is not always being better than the decentralized system with a feasible contract if the traditional and professional retailer has lower selling cost. When uncertainty in the traditional channel information is higher, the manufacturer prefers a menu of contracts according to different channel settings. When uncertainty is lower, the manufacturer prefers a single contract. Furthermore, the higher the uncertainty in the traditional channel, the more the information welfare of the traditional retailer will gain. Performance with a menu of contracts cannot outperform that with a single contract integrating optimistic and pessimistic market setting well; their difference in performance is bigger when uncertainty in the traditional channel information is less.     

Homogenization of parabolic problem with nonlinear transmission condition

In this paper, we investigate the periodic homogenization of nonlinear parabolic equation arising from heat exchange in composite material problems. This problem, defined in periodical domain, is nonlinear at the interface. This nonlinearity models the heat radiation on the interface, which constitutes the transmission boundary conditions, between the two components of the material. The main challenge is, first, to show the well-posedness of the microscopic problem using the topological degree of Leray–Schauder tools. Then, we apply the two scale convergence to identify the equivalent macroscopic model using homogenization techniques. Finally, in order to confirm the efficiency of the homogenization process, we present some numerical results obtained via finite element approximation.     

双驱动电动换能器电磁场和声-结构耦合场分析

电动换能器的设计涉及电磁场和声-结构耦合问题,本文利用COMSOL多物理场分析软件提供的该两种分析模块进行组合,以电磁理论为基础推导出了适合COMSOL数值计算的公式,把两种耦合场的分析结合起来,利用电磁场分析过程计算所需要变量,代入声-结构耦合场进行分析,得到声场分布情况。文章也大致介绍了COMSOL的有限元建模和该两种模块的使用方法。本文对电动换能器结构如何优化不做讨论。     

Cooperative Advertising in a Marketing Channel

This paper examines dynamic advertising and promotion strategies in a marketing channel where the retailer promotes the manufacturer product and the manufacturer spends on advertising to build a stock of goodwill. We assume that sales depend on goodwill and promotion activities and that there are decreasing marginal returns to goodwill. Two scenarios are studied. First, the manufacturer and retailer determine noncooperatively their respective strategies. Second, the game is played à la Stackelberg with the manufacturer as the leader who supports partially the cost of the promotion activities of the retailer. In both cases, stationary Markovian strategies are characterized. These scenarios are examined also in the absence of decreasing marginal effect of goodwill on sales. The results show that, whether or not the goodwill stock has a decreasing marginal effect on sales, the cooperative advertising program is a coordinating mechanism in the marketing channel, i.e., both players receive higher payoffs.