Effect of the area of a lithium niobate transducer on the efficiency of ultrasonic atomization driven by resonance vibration

In recent years, individual control of one’s personal environment has been drawing increasing attention due to the growing interest in health care. Wearable devices are especially useful because of their controllability regardless of location. Humidity is one of the inevitable factors in the personal environment as a preventive against infectious diseases. Although atomization devices are commonly used as a method of humidity control, at present, there are no wearable humidity control devices. Vibration of a lithium niobate (LN) device in the thickness mode is a promising piezoelectric method for miniaturization of atomization devices for humidity control. To miniaturize the atomization device, the transducer size needs to be small not so much as to decrease the atomization efficiency. However, the effect of the device area on the atomization efficiency of LN at a size suitable for mounting in wearable devices has not been studied. Here, we conducted an atomization demonstration of LN devices with different sizes to evaluate particle size and atomization efficiency. Furthermore, to reveal the relationship between vibration behavior and atomization efficiency, resonance vibration in the MHz frequency band was evaluated by the finite element method and an impedance analyzer. The results showed that the peak size of water particles atomized by each device was in the range of 3.2 to 4.2 µm, which is smaller than particles produced by typical piezoelectric ceramics. Moreover, the best LN size for efficient atomization was found to be 8 mm × 10 mm among the five LN device sizes used in experiments. From the relationship between vibration behavior and atomization efficiency, the size of the transducer was suggested to affect the vibration mode. The obtained result suggested that the LN device is suitable for small wearable nebulizer devices.     

Development of ZnTe film with high copper doping efficiency for solar cells

Since a hole barrier was formed in back contact due to mismatch of work function, the back contact material for CdTe cell has been a significant research direction. The ZnTe:Cu is an ideal back contact material, which reduces the valence band discontinuity and can be used as the electron back reflection layer to inhibit interface recombination. The conductivity of ZnTe:Cu film is improved by applying RF-coupled DC sputtering and post-deposition heat treatment. The doping efficiency is computed as the ratio of free hole density and copper concentration, which can be correlated with performance for CdTe-based solar cell. The higher doping efficiency means that more copper atoms substitute for Zn sites in ZnTe lattices and less mobilized copper atoms remain which can enter into the CdTe absorber layer. Copper atoms are suspected as dominant element for CdTe-based cell degradation. After optimizing the ZnTe:Cu films, a systematic study is carried out to incorporate ZnTe:Cu film into CdTe solar cell. The EQE spectrum is kept relatively stable over the long wavelength range without decreasing. It is proved that the conduction band barrier of device with ZnTe:Cu/Au contact material has an effect on the EQE response, which works as free electron barrier and reduces the recombination rate of free carrier. According to the dark J—V data or the light J—V data in the linear region, the current indicates that the intercept gives the diode reverse saturation current. The results of ideality factor indicate that the dominant recombination occurs in the space charge region. In addition, the space charge density and depletion width of solar cell can be estimated by C—V profiling.     

Design and performance evaluation of successive interference cancellation based Slotted Aloha MAC protocol

As a result of densification, the performance of the wireless networks has become highly interference-limited and energy inefficient. To overcome this problem, interference mitigation techniques such as Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) can be used to decode multiple packets simultaneously at the receiver. In this context, we analyze a SIC-based Slotted Aloha (SIC-SA) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for wireless networks. We derive expressions for packets decoding probability and optimal transmission probability of the nodes of the SIC-SA MAC protocol. Our derivation is based on the order statistics of Independent and Identical/non-Identical exponentially distributed received-signal-powers from the nodes under the Rayleigh channel condition. Throughput, delay, and energy efficiency of the SIC-SA MAC protocol have been derived and validated against simulation. The effect of path loss exponent, SINR threshold, and the number of nodes on the performance of SIC-SA have been studied. The performance of SIC-SA in a network of nodes distributed randomly according to the Poisson Point Process has been analyzed. Extension of our analysis to Power Domain Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has been demonstrated. We also analyzed the impact of imperfect estimation of channel state information and imperfect SIC at the receiver. Results show an improvement in performance metrics of SIC-SA over the traditional Slotted Aloha.     

Molecular engineering of inorganic halide perovskites and HTMs for photovoltaic applications

A comprehensive study was performed for the design of ABX₃ perovskites, (A = Li, K, Na, B = Ge, Sn, Pb, X = F, Cl, Br, I) and organic hole transfer materials, HTMs (Fu-2a, Fu-2b, Fu-2c, and Dm-Q) for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) through quantum chemistry calculations. Photovoltaic characteristics of the investigated perovskites are strongly affected by the halide anions. The results reveal that reducing the exciton binding energy of perovskites enhances the rate of the formation/dissociation of holes and electrons so F-based perovskites are superior from this viewpoint. Additionally, the electron and hole injection processes are more favorable in the case of the F-based perovskites in comparison with other studied perovskites. Moreover, spectroscopic properties of the perovskites demonstrate that KSnCl₃, NaSnCl₃, and F-based perovskites exhibit a greater ability of the light-harvesting and incident photon to current conversion efficiency. Ultimately, based on diverse analyses, F-based perovskites, KSnCl₃ and NaSnCl₃ are the preferred candidates to be applied in the PSCs due to an excellent incident photon to current conversion efficiency, light-harvesting efficiency, short circuit current, and solar cell final efficiency.     

Multichromophoric Calix[4]arenes: Effect of Interchromophore Distances on Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties

Multichromophoric calix[4]arenes with two or four disperse red one (DR1) moieties linked to the lower rim have been synthesized. The second‐order nonlinear optical activity was measured by using the electric‐field‐induced second‐harmonic generation technique and there was a nearly linear increase of the μβ value with the number of chromophores in the molecule without affecting the charge‐transfer absorption wavelength. The effect that the number of DR1 units plays on the hyperpolarizability, the dipole moment, and the absorption maxima has been also studied by using quantum chemical calculations. It was found that it was necessary to synthesize multichromophores with distant chromophores to obtain large nonlinear optical responses.     

表面In掺杂TiO2的N719/TiO2-Inx%/FTO薄膜电极的光电转换效率

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出In 表面修饰的TiO₂ (TiO₂-Inx%)纳米粒子, x%代表在In 掺杂的TiO₂样品中In³⁺与In³⁺和Ti⁴⁺离子摩尔百分含量. 利用二(四丁基铵)顺式-双(异硫氰基)双(2,2''-联吡啶-4,4''-二羧酸)钌(II)(N719)作为敏化剂, 制备出N719/TiO₂/FTO (氟掺杂锡氧化物)和N719/TiO₂-Inx%/FTO染料敏化薄膜电极. 光电转换效率实验表明, 在薄膜电极+0.5 mol·L^-1 LiI+0.05 mol·L^-1 I₂的三甲氧基丙腈(MPN)溶液+Pt 光电池体系中,N719/TiO₂-Inx%/FTO薄膜电极的光电转换效率均高于N719/TiO₂/FTO, 其中N719/TiO₂-In0.1%/FTO的光电转换效率比N719/TiO₂/FTO提高了20%. 利用X 射线衍射(XRD)、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)、漫反射吸收光谱(DRS)、荧光(PL)光谱和表面光电流作用谱确定了TiO₂-Inx%样品中In3+离子的存在方式和能带结构; 利用表面光电流作用谱研究了N719/TiO₂-Inx%/FTO薄膜电极的光致界面电荷转移过程. 结果表明, In3+离子在TiO₂表面形成O-In-Cl_n (n=1, 2)物种, 该物种的表面态能级位于导带下0.3 eV处; 在光电流产生过程中, O-In-Cl_n (n=1, 2)表面态能级有效地抑制了光生载流子在TiO₂-Inx%层的复合, 促进了阳极光电流的增加, 从而导致N719/TiO₂-Inx%/FTO薄膜电极的光电转化效率高于N719/TiO₂/FTO, 并进一步讨论了光致界面电荷转移的机理.     

Stability results for properly quasi convex vector optimization problems

In this paper, we discuss the stability of the sets of (weak) minimal points and (weak) efficient points of vector optimization problems. Assuming that the objective functions are (strictly) properly quasi convex, and the data ofthe approximate problems converges to the data of the original problems in the sense of Painlevé–Kuratowski, we establish the Painlevé–Kuratowski set convergence of the sets of (weak) minimal points and (weak) efficient points of the approximate problems to the corresponding ones of original problem. Our main results improve and extend the results of the recent papers.     

On quality concepts fractional programming

Necessary and sufficient proper efficiency conditionsand eight duality models are presented for two classes of constrained multiobjective optimal controi problemb containing albitl-ary norills and square roots of positive semidefinite quadratic forms     

叠层荧光集光太阳能光伏器件的性能模拟和优化

荧光集光太阳能光伏器件可以减少太阳能电池的用量,有效降低光伏发电的成本.相对于单层荧光 集光太阳能光伏器件,叠层荧光集光太阳能光伏器件能分波段充分利用太阳光谱,提高荧光集光太阳能光伏 器件的效率,进一步降低光伏发电的成本.但是,叠层荧光集光太阳能光伏器件涉及较多的参量,难以通过实验 优化.本文分析了从单层到叠层荧光集光太阳能光伏器件的全部物理过程,建立了数学模型,并相应编制了 计算机模拟软件.运用上述软件,系统研究了器件尺寸、太阳能电池的带隙对光电转换效率的影响.     

霍尔漂移对阳极层霍尔等离子体加速器电离效率的影响

以洛伦兹变换方法为基础,分析了阳极层霍尔等离子体加速器中电子的霍尔漂移,结果表明在交叉场中,霍尔漂移并不总是存在的,E/B的比值大于光速时,霍尔漂移将不存在.进一步的分析表明,霍尔漂移也并不总是回旋形式的,不同的电磁场配置以及不同的电子初始能量将带来不同形式的漂移,包括回旋形式,波浪线形式,甚至直线形式.电磁场的配置也决定着霍尔漂移的速度,在很大程度上影响着电子的能量,这就决定了放电时的电离效率.对不同电磁场配置进行数值模拟发现,合理的电磁场比值能够得到更好的电离效率(对于氩,这个数值大约为4×10⁶).不同的气体,根据其电离碰撞截面与电子能量的关系,都有不同的合理比值.