A solvent recirculation trapping device for supercritical fluid extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons

A new device has been developed for the trapping of volatile pollutants in trapping solvents. The device allows solvent recirculation and cryogenic trapping of evaporated volatiles to minimize the stripping effect and any losses of volatile analytes. Due to solvent recirculation, the trapping solvent column height remains constant during the extraction without any need for replenishment. Also mass transfer conditions are favorable due to the flattened shape of bubbles of CO2 and the longer extraction time. The bubbles have higher interfacial area and they have to pass a three times longer distance in the solvent column. The device produces more concentrated extracts, reduces solvent consumption, and reduces or eliminates its evaporation to the environment. The cryotrapping part reduces losses of volatile analytes and the stripping effect. It also enables single-phase extraction into much smaller solvent volumes. Due to constant and favorable extraction conditions, the precision of the method was also greatly improved (RSDs decreased from 2.2 to 0.8%). As proved by a set of rapid spiked-sample extractions of highly volatile compounds at very high flow rates, the relative standard deviation of the experiments performed in the new device is 3.5 times lower.     

Positron annihilation in alkali-halide crystals after electron irradiation

The effect of electron beam irradiation on the positron annihilation in KCl, KBr, NaCl single crystals was investigated. The narrowing of the angular correlation curves increases up to the saturation value with the absorbed radiation dose. The shape of the received narrow components differs from the narrow component measured in the additively colored samples. This phenomenon shows the considerable influence of the hole centres upon the positron annihilation in ionic crystals. Paper presented at 3rd Internat. Conf. Positron Annihilation, Otaniemi, Finland (August 1973).     

A new sensitive alternative of static headspace gas analysis with sample-addition calibration

Summary A method is described which makes it possible to with-draw in a defined way headspace gas samples amounting to as much as several tens of milliliters from an equilibrated gas-liquid system. The apparatus consists of an equilibration vessel provided with a septum through which a Tenax GC-packed trap can be connected with the headspace compartment via an injection needle. At the bottom of the vessel, a syringe is situated by means of which a liquid sample is introduced into the vessel. A portion of liquid sample is introduced into the equilibration vessel, equilibrium is established, a certain volume of the headspace gas is pushed out through the trap by introducing another portion of liquid sample, and the analytes entrapped are determined by GC. Then the entire procedure is repeated, and the initial contents of the analytes in the liquid sample are calculated from the two GC analyses. The possibilities and reliability of the method are discussed.Presented at the 14th International Symposium on Chromatography London, September, 1982     

Comments on the number of sensitivity centres in silver halide grains

A comment on the number of sensitivity centres in silver halide grains of nuclear emulsions is made and a theory for its evaluation at different temperatures is presented. The results at room temperature agree satisfactorily with assumptions made by various workers.     

Colour centres in powdered KI

Fine powder of KI was coloured in an electrodeless discharge. Due to quick bleaching of the F centres produced in this method, it was possible to prepare the samples that were almost free from the F centres. High concentration of the electron deficient centres could be produced, which were studied by measuring the diffused reflectance. A band at 354 nm is shown to be composed of two overlapping bands. Further, growth of a band appearing at 265 nm is studied. Bleaching characteristics of the samples are studied and it is shown that, similar to F centre bleaching, bleaching of these samples also proceeds in at least two steps. The difference between two components of the bleaching curves is quite marked. Further it is showed that the components are related to the presence of different absorption bands and appear at different stages of colouration.     

Reflectance spectra and thermoluminescence of NaF coloured in an electrodeless discharge

A comparative study ofγ-ray colouration and electrodeless discharge excitation is reported for NaF. New absorption bands and glow peaks were found. These are shown to be characteristic of electrodeless discharge method of colouration. These are attributed to the multiple types of defects. Further, it is shown that the process by which such defects are formed is strongly temperature dependant. A tentative explanation for the peculiar characteristic of the electrodeless discharge excitation is put forth. The possibility of exploiting these peculiarities for the study of certain properties of colour centres is pointed out.     

Grouping and trapping of evaporating droplets in an oscillating gas flow

A new approach to the analysis of droplet grouping in an oscillating gas flow is suggested. This is based on the investigation of droplet trajectories in the frame of reference moving with the phase velocity of the wave. Although the equations involved are relatively simple, the analysis shows distinctive characteristics of grouping and non-grouping cases. In the case of grouping, droplet trajectories converge to the points for which the ratio of flow velocity in this frame of reference and the amplitude of flow oscillations is less than 1, and the cosine of the arc sine of this ratio is positive. In the case of non-grouping, droplet trajectories in this frame of reference oscillate around the translational velocity close to the velocity of flow in the same frame of reference. The effect of droplet size on the grouping pattern is investigated. It has been pointed out that for the smaller droplets much more stable grouping is observed. The effect of droplet evaporation is studied in the limiting case when the contribution of the heat-up period can be ignored. It is shown that evaporation can lead to droplet grouping even in the case when the non-evaporating droplets are not grouped. This is related to the reduction in droplet diameter during the evaporation process. Coupling between gas and droplets is shown to decrease the grouping tendency. A qualitative agreement between predictions of the model and in-house experimental observations referring to Diesel engine sprays has been demonstrated.     

Sliding-wear reduction by ion implantation

The sliding-wear rate of stainless steel wear couples has been found to be significantly reduced by the implantation of selected ion species. The relative wear rate has been measured for different combinations of unimplanted and implanted contacting surfaces.     

Correlation between strain and defects in Bi implanted Si

The strain in Si containing group-V impurities is a topical subject of study due to its potential applications in quantum computing. In this paper we study ²⁰⁹Bi implanted Si concerning the correlation between the strain produced by stopped Bi ions and trapping characteristics of the defects resulted from implantation. The depths distributions of stopped ions and primary defects are simulated and the distributions of permanent defects are modelled for Si implanted with low fluence ²⁰⁹Bi ions of 28 MeV kinetic energy. For comparison, these depths distributions were similarly calculated for ¹²⁷I ions with the same fluence and energy, implanted in Si. The results are compared with each other and correlated with the characteristics of traps in these systems, previously obtained. We demonstrate that the intensity of the strain field is the most important factor in changing of trap parameters, while the superposition between the region with strain and the region where defects are located is a second order effect.     

Bedeutung und Stand verfahrenstechnischer Untersuchungen mit Radionukliden in der chemischen Industrie Zusammenfassender Bericht

Die Anwendung radioaktiver Nuklide in der chemischen Industrie kann nach der jeweils verwendeten Eigenschaft des strahlenden Materials in drei Gruppen eingeordnet werden