Damage and fracture evaluation of granular composite materials by digital image correlation method

This paper presents the applications of digital image correlation technique to the mesoscopic damage and fracture study of some granular based composite materials including steelfiber reinforced concrete, sandstone and crystal-polymer composite. The deformation fields of the composite materials resulted from stress localization were obtained by the correlation computation of the surface images with loading steps and thus the related damage prediction and fracture parameters were evaluated. The correlation searching could be performed either directly based on the gray levels of the digital images or from the wavelet transform (WT) coefficients of the transform spectrum. The latter was developed by the authors and showed higher resolution and sensitivity to the singularity detection. Because the displacement components came from the rough surfaces of the composite materials without any coats of gratings or fringes of optical interferometry, both surface profiles and the deformation fields of the composites were visualized which was helpful to compare each other to analyze the damage of those heterogeneous materials. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10125211 and 10072002), the Scientific Committee of Yunnan Province for the Program of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, and the Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP at Mianyang     

Error Levels of Different Methods of Evaluation of TG Measurements

It follows from an analysis of the error levels of TG evaluation methods that it is a conceptual error to disregard the analogies of mass, energy and momentum streams of subordinate partial processes. This error is bypassed by means of the introduced method of dimensionless analysis and by determining the characteristic, constants-like data of thermal processes by using the measured data directly. These methods are very suitable for increasing the consistency of the calculated results by seeking for similarity, even in comparisons of measurements made under very different conditions and for emphasizing the differences too, quantitatively. With this new interpretation of TG processes, the idea of the kinetic compensation effect becomes only a consequence of the discussed conceptual error. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Qualitative evaluation of aromatic herbs by direct headspace GC analysis. Applications of the method and comparison with the traditional analysis of essential oils

GC headspace analyses of various aromatizing herbs have been compared with those relating to the essential oils, obtained by steam distillation, of the same plants. In this way it was possible to establish the most significant differences between the composition of a herb flavor and that of its essential oil. In particular, we observed some very volatile compounds in the headspace samples which were absent from the essential oil; these components may make an important contribution to the herb flavor. The identification of these substances is still in progress.     

桑白皮中21种无机元素的测定及其质量评价

为准确了解不同产区桑白皮中多种元素分布及含量情况,用65%硝酸溶液对其样品进行微波消解处理,后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS/MS）法测定桑白皮样品中21种元素的含量。得到21种元素的线性关系良好,R2 > 0.999,方法学考察试验的RSD均小于3%,加样回收率在91.32%~108.84%之间,RSD均小于4%;Al、Ga、Sr、Ba相比而言含量较大,且不同产区的特异性较明显;主成分分析中17批样品得到4个主成分,累计方差贡献率达 87.380%,确定V、Co、Al、Li、As、Se、Pb、U、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ga、Ba、Cs、Ni等15种元素为桑白皮药材的特征元素;相关性分析可知,元素间的相关性较强, P≤0.05的元素与主成分分析的特征元素基本一致。参照2020年版《中国药典》中对中药材中有害元素的限量规定,发现桑白皮样品中Pb、Cd、As、Cu有害元素的含量均未超过限量要求。ICP-MS/MS能准确快速测定桑白皮中21种元素含量情况,这对评价不同产区桑白皮质量,完善桑白皮质量标准具有一定参考价值。     

基于化学计量学结合ICP-MS的党参道地性的研究及安全评价

微量元素与中药的功效和安全性密切相关,也是药材道地性研究的一部分,为探讨党参中重金属元素的安全性、风险性及道地性的相关性。本文采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）及原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定来源于甘肃、山西、湖北、四川等产区的39批党参药材中的20种元素的含量,结果结合化学计量学分析对党参产区进行差异判别。通过单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其进行安全性评价,通过健康风险基于暴露量、危害指数法和暴露限值法对其进行风险评估。结果表明,重金属在各自范围内线性关系良好,加样回收率,仪器精密度和重复性良好,其中 Ba、Sr、Mn的含量最高。主成分分析显示39批药材分为三类,同一产区的党参能较好的聚在一起,元素含量差异与产区分布有一定规律,其中Cs、Ga、As、Co、Li、Pb、Hg、Se、V、Mn为关键的差异标志物,为产地元素特征分析鉴别提供依据。安全评价结果为39批党参药材污染等级为安全,但风险评估后DS-31、DS-32、DS-34、DS-36及 DS-37在人体长期蓄积中具有健康风险。结论：本研究方法高效、准确、简便,结合化学计量学可以对党参进行有效的产地判别,评价党参中元素的安全性及风险性,为党参道地性及健康评价提供了科学依据。     

Optimized Selection of Water Resource Allocation Schemes Based on Improved Connection Entropy in Beijing’s Southern Plain

Increased urbanization has caused problems such as increasing water consumption and the continuous deterioration of the groundwater environment. It is necessary to consider the groundwater quality in the water resource optimization system and increase the rate of reclaimed water development to reduce the amount of groundwater exploitation and achieve sustainable development of water resources. This study used the Daxing District, a region of Beijing’s southern plain, as an example to evaluate water quality by analyzing water quality data of surface and groundwater from 2012 to 2016 and actual water-use schemes from 2006 to 2016. Three groundwater extraction modes were set up based on NO₃–N concentrations, water resources were optimized under three extraction modes, and water resource optimization schemes were determined based on the improved connection entropy. The results show that (1) the surface water quality was poor, and the proportion of V₄ type water in the indexes of NH₃–N and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was the largest. The surface water can only be used for agricultural irrigation. The pollution sources contributing most to NH₃–N and COD were domestic and agricultural pollution sources. (2) The groundwater quality was good. The NO₃–N index was primarily type I–III water, accounting for 95.20% of the total samples. Severe NH₃–N pollution areas were mainly in the northern region, and most regional groundwater can be used for various purposes. (3) Taking 2016 as an example, three groundwater exploitation modes were set to optimize water resource allocation, and the results showed that the rate of groundwater development and NO₃–N pollution decreased significantly after optimization. (4) Connection entropy is an evaluation method that combines connection numbers and entropy, including identify, difference, and opposition entropy. As connection entropy being a kind of complete entropy, which can reflect the difference of the system in different states, based on the improved connection entropy, the connection entropies of optimal water resource allocation and actual water-use schemes were calculated. The connection entropy of groundwater exploitation mode 3 was less than that of groundwater exploitation modes 1 and 2 and actual water-use schemes from 2006 to 2016. Therefore, exploitation mode 3’s water resource optimization scheme was recommended. In the paper, satisfactory results have been obtained. As a kind of complete entropy, connection entropy has great research value in dealing with complex hydrological problems. This study’s research methods and outcomes can provide methodological and theoretical lessons for water management in freshwater-deficient areas.     

概率语言多属性群决策方法及其在新型智慧城市市民获得感评价中的应用

针对公众参与的语言信息多属性群决策问题,研究了考虑参与者满意度的概率语言多属性群决策方法。首先,根据参与者的语言评价信息确定并规范化概率语言决策矩阵。然后,对大群体进行共识分析,由最大化参与者群体的满意度构建线性规划模型,确定参与者群组的权重;构造正、负理想方案的评价向量,构建多目标规划模型,用拉格朗日乘子法求解属性权重;定义各方案的加权贴近度,并以此对方案进行排序和优选。最后,通过新型智慧城市市民获得感评价案例验证了模型的可行性和有效性。     

核压力容器防止辐照脆化的安全评定

本文结合我国核动力反应堆的实例,首先介绍了设计规范中采用的断裂分析图的评定方法,然后着重讨论一种新的断裂力学的评定方法。结合对容器材料断裂韧性的实验测定,给出了计算结果,绘制了全寿期的安全运行工况图,并对两种方法的结果作了比较讨论。     

中心城市货运市场建设项目的系统评价研究

本文通过对公路货运市场的生产和经营状况、所处的经营环境以及货运市场中的运力和货运需求进行了分析 ,提出了货运市场建设项目的评价指标体系 ,并且利用系统评价模型进行评价 ,得出了满意的结果     

基于组合权重的系统评价模型

提出了基于组合权重的系统评价新模型 ( CWSE) ,即 :直接根据评价指标样本数据集 ,用基于加速遗传算法的投影寻踪方法确定各评价指标的分类权重 ,用基于加速遗传算法的层次分析法确定各评价指标的排序权重 ,用加速遗传算法对各评价指标的分类权重和排序权重进行综合得到组合权重 ,然后以这些组合权重与各评价对象相应评价指标的标准化值进行加权平均 ,得到系统评价的综合指标值 ,据此可对各评价对象进行分类排序 .用 CW SE模型评价中国 30个区域 1995年开发度的结果表明 ,根据开发度的强弱可把这些区域分成 3个强开发区域、6个较强开发区域、10个中等开发区域和 11个弱开发区域 ;CWSE模型简便、通用 ,计算结果较为客观和稳定 ,为系统工程理论和实践提供了新的研究方法 .