空气源热泵机组结霜问题的实验分析

基于空气源热泵在低温寒冷地区运行中遇到的结霜问题,对不同风速工况下,结霜过程中设备性能的变化进行分析,以换热量、换热系数为指标对不同翅型换热器的换热特性进行研究。实验结果显示:换热器结霜过程中,换热过程主要分为初始增加段、换热平稳段、缓慢衰减段、后期平稳等四段,结晶体在增加空气湍流度强化换热的同时,也增加了换热热阻使换热效果变差,因此换热效果本质而言是两种换热效果的综合体现;空气阻力随风速的增大、结霜量的增加而增大,而蒸发压力随着风速的增加而升高、随结霜量的增大而减小;百叶窗翅片表面结霜量大于平翅片,因此平翅片翅型当量换热系数更大,翅片结霜量、当量换热系数随风速的增加而增大,风速由1 m/s增至4 m/s时,结霜量、当量换热系数增加约三倍。     

降雪对地表附近自由空间量子信道的影响及参数仿真

量子通信具有覆盖面广、安全保密的优势,是当前通信领域国内外的研究热点.在自由空间量子通信过程中,光量子信号需要在地表上空一定高度进行传输,因此各种环境因素,例如降雪、沙尘暴、降雨、雾霾、浮尘等,不可避免地会影响量子通信性能.然而,迄今为止,降雪对地表附近自由空间量子信道影响的研究尚未展开.为此,根据降雪的强度,将降雪分为小雪(S1)、中雪(S2)、大雪(S3)和暴雪(S4)四个等级.由于空中正在飘落雪花对光量子信号具有能量吸收作用,称为消光效应,不同强度的降雪,其消光效应对自由空间光量子信号的影响不同.本文首先建立了不同等级降雪对光量子信号消光效应的数学模型;然后建立了因降雪导致的自由空间消光衰减定量关系,信道极限生存函数、不同降雪强度下的信道容量和量子误码率等性能参数受降雪影响的变化情况;最后建立了降雪强度、传输距离与链路衰减、幅值阻尼信道容量、信道生存函数以及信道误码率的数学模型.仿真结果表明,当降雪强度为2.1 mm/d(S1),传输距离为2.2 km时,通信链路衰减为0.0362,信道容量为0.7745,信道生存函数为0.2329,信道误码率为0.0105.当降雪强度为3.8 mm/d(S2)。传输距离为3.5 km时,通信链路衰减为0.1326,信道容量为0.4922,信道生存函数为0.2099,信道误码率为0.019.由此可见,降雪对量子通信性能有不同程度的影响.所以在实际应用中应根据降雪强度大小,自适应调节量子通信相关参数,提高量子通信的可靠性.     

Synthesis,structure, and character of two rare earth carboxylic acid complexes

Two rare earth carboxylic acid complexes, [Sm(MeBA)₃(2,2′-bipy)]₂·2(2,2′-bipy) (MeBA = 3-methylbenzoic acid; 2,2′-bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) (1) and [Pr(MeBA)₃(H₂O)₂]_n?n(4,4′-bipy) (4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) (2), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is a dimer and further assembles into an infinite chain, two-dimensional net and three-dimensional supramolecular structure via weak π–π and C–H···π interactions. Some 2,2′-bipy coordinates with Sm and some exist by non-covalent C–H···π interactions. Compound 2 is a 1D infinite chain structure, with adjacent 1D chains connected into a 2D layer structure by O–H···N hydrogen bonds. The two complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, photoluminescence, and TGA. In order to illustrate subtle structural characteristics of intermolecular interactions and magnetic sensitivity of the complex, 2D-IR correlation spectra (2D-IR COS) under magnetic perturbation for 1 were performed.     

Migration of Stabilizers from Polypropylene into Simulated Food

This study has investigated the migration of stabilizers from three polypropylene materials: a polypropylene homopolymer, a polypropylene block copolymer, and a polypropylene random copolymer in 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid, 20% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and isooctane according to Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011. Measurements were performed at 20, 40, and 70°C and migration was evaluated from 10?min to 10 days. Measurements were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with external calibration. The HPLC method provided high correlation coefficients, good precision, good accuracy, and suitable reproducibility. Diffusion coefficients for stabilizers were obtained using a rigorous model based on Fick’s second law and the values were between 6.1?×?10^?13 and 3.8?×?10^?9?cm²?s^?1. By applying an Arrhenius-type equation to the diffusion coefficients, an estimation of activation energy of the diffusion was obtained. The activation energies were from 39.97 to 98.75?kJ?mol^?1 for the stabilizers. The results indicate that the polypropylene material structure influenced the migration rate, which decreased in the order of the increasing crystallinity in the materials. The diffusion coefficients for stabilizers in the polypropylene random copolymer were higher than in the polypropylene block copolymer and polypropylene homopolymer. The random polypropylene copolymer had the lowest activation energy. These results show that a higher diffusion coefficient indicates a higher migration rate, and a system with a lower activation energy allows more migration.     

Experimental characterization of dynamic behaviour of gelatin-based material using DIC

In this paper, the dynamic response of gelatin-based soft material under impact loading is investigated. The dynamic tests are principally performed by the classical SHPB (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars) technique. However, due to the very low mechanical impedance of the specimen compared with the Hopkinson bars, the feeble impact forces are measured by highly sensitive piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pressure sensors instead of SHPB measurement system. The PVDF pressure sensors are placed on the interfaces between the specimen and the bars. During the impact test, the non-equilibrium stress state and inhomogeneous strain fields are developed in the specimen; a digital image correlation (DIC) technique is proposed to identify the inhomogeneous displacement fields using high speed photography. A non-parametric approach based on the DIC technique is developed to deduce the transient stress fields in the longitudinal and transverse directions from the displacement fields measured by DIC. The validation of the calculated stress fields is performed by comparing them with the stress measurements from the PVDF pressure sensor at the bottom end of the specimen. Furthermore, stress-strain response is carried out using this approach throughout the specimen. It is clearly shown that the average highest strain rate varies with position in the specimen. This lead to multiple stress-strain relations determined at different strain rates by only one impact test. The significant strain rate sensitivity is observed at the tested rate range from 81/s to 269/s. Under compression loading, the axial stress state is developed as a simple compression only in the central part of the specimen due to the friction at the interfaces between the specimen and the bars. According to the calculated results based on movement of “long waves”, the region of the simple compression stress state in the central part of the specimen is localized. It is observed that the axial stress is much more important than the transverse stress in the central part and this confirms the assumption of uni-axial compression stress state in the specimen.     

Physicochemical investigation of sulfonamide-derived compounds interacting with conventional cationic surfactants in aqueous media

The sulfonamide core in compounds is effective synthons, which offer exciting perspectives in chemotherapeutic and pharmacological research. In this study, we investigated the molecular interaction of potent sulfonamide derivatives (SDs), 2-benzenesulfonamido-3-methylbutyric acid (BSB) and tetraaquabis{3-methyl-2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]butanoate}copper(II) (Cu-BSB), with cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and ethylhexadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (EHDAB), using UV-visible spectroscopy and steady-state fluorescence measurements. Various mathematical models were applied to quantify the effect of cationic surfactants on physicochemical characteristics of BSB and Cu-BSB. These interactions were confirmed by estimating the partition coefficient (K_x), binding capacities (K_b), Stern-Volmer quenching constant (K_sv), and related Gibbs free energies (ΔG_b). The in-depth mechanism revealed that the binding mode in SD–surfactants combinational system is spontaneous and quenching exists in static mode initiated by ground-state complex formation. We believe that the true knowledge of host–guest interaction mechanisms concerning model membrane with entrapped moiety can help in better understanding of molecular recognition in related phospholipid membrane models.     

Sensitivity of the NTB phase formation to the molecular structure of imino-linked dimers

ABSTRACT

Here we report on the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of a series of imino-linked dimeric molecules. In order to improve our understanding of the structure–N_TB phase correlations, we have studied the impact of geometric and electronic factors arising from varying mesogenic units, different spacer lengths and from the ratio (n/m) between the lengths of terminal chains (n) and spacer (m). From the perspective of the molecular geometry, the results show that the stability of the N_TB phase results from increasing effective molecular bending and with the broadening of the mesogenic unit, in particular near the spacer, and that the n/m ratio plays a substantial role in conjunction with the specific mesogenic unit. A computational study of the electronic properties shows that a broadening of the mesogenic core in the vicinity of the spacer is associated with an increased anisotropy of the electrostatic potential distribution. Within a given series of materials our study suggests that the incidence of the N_TB phase and its thermal stability are governed by the synergy of specific geometrical factors and the anisotropy of the electrostatic potential distribution of the mesogenic core.     

同位素示踪法的开创者——赫维西

19世纪末20世纪初是物理化学和生物化学发展的重要时期,同位素示踪法在一系列示踪剂实验方面取得了许多成就。瑞士籍匈牙利裔化学家乔治·德·赫维西(1885—1966)将示踪技术应用到生物学领域,他有关同位素示踪法的发明也使其获得了1943年诺贝尔化学奖。本文对赫维西生平及学术成长历程进行介绍,反映了赫维西的成长与欧洲当时的诸多科学家之间的学术往来是不可分割的。     

LINEAR ACTIVE STRUCTURES AND MODES (Ⅱ) —DISCRETE SYSTEMS AND BEAMS

IntroductionThestudiedobjectintheclassicstructuredynamicsisthepassivestructureswhicharechangedintoactivestructurewhencontroldevicesorsmartmaterialsareintroducedintoandthecontrolfunctionisapplied .Anactivestructureisgenerallycalledactivesystem .Asforthedefinitionofactivestructure ,itistheconceptofworthydiscussion[1].Thedefinitionshouldbebecomingrigorouswiththestudyontheactivestructuraldynamics.Withincertaincategoryofactivestructuresinpaper (Ⅰ ) [2 ],someattributesaboutthemodesoflinearactivest…