The n-butyl amine TPD measurement of Brönsted acidity for solid catalysts by simultaneous TG/DTG-DTA

The method for Brönsted acidity measurement based on TPD of alkyl amines desorption by gas-chromatography or thermogravimetry was adapted for simultaneous TG/DTG-DTA analysis. The acidity measurements were focused on the 12-tungstophosphoric acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) and its salts, especially with Cesium since these posses the highest Brönsted acidity and they are among the most interesting catalysts. The n-butyl amine (NBA) desorption takes place in three steps for Cs_xH_3−xPW₁₂O₄₀, x = 0-2, and four steps for the Cs_2.5H_0.5PW₁₂O₄₀. The steps of desorption correspond to the release of NBA molecules in stages, as NBA or butene molecules resulted from the Hofmann elimination reaction and NH₃ + H₂O formed by decomposition of ammonium salt. The quantities of desorption products, C₄H₈ and NH₃ + H₂O, corresponding to the stages with the maximum desorption rates at 400-420 °C, respectively 560-600 °C, are in the stoichiometric ratio with the Brönsted acidity.     

Surface characterization of acidic ceria-zirconia prepared by direct sulfation

Acidic ceria-zirconia (SCZ) solid acid catalysts with a nominal surface density of ca 2 SO₄²⁻/nm² were prepared by a simple route consisting in soaking high specific surface area Ce_xZr_1−xO₂ (with x = 0.21 and 0.69) mixed oxides solutions in 0.5 M sulphuric acid. Characterizations by TPD-MS, TP-DRIFTS and FT-Raman revealed that most of surface structures generated by sulfation are stable at least up to 700 °C under inert atmosphere and consist mainly as isolated sulfates located on defects or crystal planes and to a lesser extent as polysulfates. Investigations by pyridine adsorption/desorption have stated that: SCZ possess both strong Brønsted (B) and Lewis (L) acid sites, some of them being presumably superacidic; the B/L site ratio was found to be more dependent on the temperature and hydration degree than on the composition of the ceria-zirconia. By contrast, the reactivity of the parent Ce_xZr_1−xO₂ materials towards pyridine is mostly driven by redox properties resulting in the formation of Py-oxide with the participation of Lewis acid sites of moderate strength (cus Ce^x+ and Zr^x+ cations). Basicity studies by CO₂ adsorption/desorption reveal that SCZ surfaces are solely acidic whereas the number and strength of Lewis basic sites increases with the Ce content for the parent Ce_xZr_1−xO₂ materials.     

Crystallization kinetics of amorphous

The active sites of hydrogen-exchanged Y zeolite (HY) and dealuminated (HDY) zeolites are investigated by TPD of carbon monoxide. Only the high temperature TPD spectra of CO (TM»620-690°C) were observed, meaning that CO molecules interact with very strong acid sites. The amounts of CO bonded on these sites are small (less than 1 molecule per unit cell). The strong influence of dealumination on the coverage degree is found. The calculated values for kinetic parameters indicate chemisorption of CO in the investigated systems (Edes»240 kJ mol^-1, A»1011 s^-1).     

ZrO2酸碱性质的TPD表征 III.苯酚和CO2或NH3共吸附

用TPD－MS技术对ZrO2上PhOH和CO2或NH3双组分共吸附效应进行了研究．当有CO2或NH3预先吸附时，PhOH的吸附状态和脱附温度并不发生改变．PhOH一方面可以取代与表面酸－碱对中心有关的强吸附CO2或NH3物种而吸附，另一方面表面剩余的CO2或NH3吸附物种又能通过表面键诱导极化使一些“潜在的酸碱中心”得到活化，组成能够吸附PhOH的酸－碱对中心．后一种作用可导致PhOH吸附量增加一倍，表明ZrO2表面具有很高的可极化度．     

碘乙醇在Ni(100)表面的化学热反应

利用热脱附(TPD)实验和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了碘乙醇在Ni(100)表面的吸附和热反应过程. 实验结果表明, 碘乙醇在100 K温度下以两种分子的形式吸附在Ni(100)的表面, 既有碘原子端的吸附也有碘原子端和羟基端同时吸附在表面. 热分解反应发生在140 K, 伴有少量的乙烯和水产生. 碘乙醇在150 K经过C—I键断裂形成−O(H)CH2CH2−和羟乙基两种中间产物. 在160 K温度下−O(H)CH2CH2−脱去氢形成−OCH2CH2−氧金属环. 中间产物经过进一步分解氧化反应分别在210和250 K产生乙醛, 一部分乙醛从表面脱出, 而其余的则分解成氢气、水和CO.     

ZrO2酸碱性质的TPD表征 I. 单组分吸附研究

以NH_3、吡啶、Et_3N、CO_2和苯酚为探针，用TPD-MS方法对ZrO_2催化剂的酸碱性质进行了表征．ZrO_2上碱性探针（NH_3、吡啶和Et_3N）的脱附温度远低于在强酸性SiO_2－Al_2O_3上；而酸性探针CO_2的脱附温度远低于在强碱性MgO上的结果．为ZrO_2的弱酸弱碱性质提供了证明．NH_3吸附IR结果表明ZrO_2表面配位不饱合Zr~(4＋)为酸（Lewis酸）中心．NH_3、吡啶和Et_3N与这些酸中心作用的方式和能量分布相似．NH_3和CO_2的TPD谱图均存在三个脱附峰，且相应脱附峰的温度范围相近．表明ZrO_2的酸中心和碱中心具有匹配相当的酸、碱强度，ZrO_2为典型的酸－碱双功能催化剂，在苯酚的TPD过程中，ZrO_2的特征表现为对苯酚的强吸附和对苯酚分解的高活性．文中结合IR结果，对与NH_3和CO_2的脱附相联系的表面吸附物种分别进行了讨论.     

环已胺在沸石分子筛上的吸脱附行为研究

本文以程序升温脱附(TPD)为主要实验手段,对环己胺在5种不同沸石分子筛上的吸脱附行为进行了研究。结果表明,沸石分子筛对环己胺有着较强的吸附作用,不同的沸石分子筛对环己胺的吸附能力受其结构和表面酸性特征的影响而异。有效吸附部位为与沸石分子筛表面酸性有关的弱化学吸附位;环己胺从不同沸石分子筛表面脱附的动力学与晶内扩散有关,其表观脱附活化能分别为:63.6kJ/mol(5A),68.6kJ/mol(13X),20.1kJ/mol(菱沸石),46.9kJ/mol(NaY)和47.3KJ/mol(ZSM-5)。     

Characterization and Activity of MnO/γ‐Al2O3 for Hydrogenation of Methyl Benzoate to Benzaldehyde

The activities of a MnO/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalyst for the selective reduction of methyl benzoate to benzaldehyde have been studied in a continuous flow reactor. Characterization of the catalyst has been conducted by XRD, XPS, NH₃‐TPD and TPD‐IR. XRD and XPS results revealed that the steady state catalyst is mainly MnO₂/γ‐AlO₃ before reduction and MnO/γ‐Al₂O₃ after reduction. Monolayer dispersion capacity obtained by XPS method is about w (Mn)11.3% TPD‐IR results revealed that there are only L acidic centers on the catalytic surface. NH₃‐TPD determinations have verified that the catalyst with a certain number of moderate strength acidic sites is advantageous to hydrogenation of methyl benzoate to benzaldehyde.     

Characterization of Extra-framework Cations in Zeolites. A temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) study

We have investigated the interaction of a few 5-ring organic compounds (cyclopentane, cyclopentene, furan, 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dihydrofuran and tetrahydrofuran) with alkali-metal cation-exchanged faujasites (LSX, X and Y types) by means of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The desorption behavior at higher temperatures of all probe molecules on the sodium ion containing faujasites with different Si/Al ratios reflects the higher cation content of zeolites with greater aluminum content. Only the desorption profiles of tetrahydrofuran and 2,5-dihydrofuran show, depending on the kind of cation, additional desorption features at higher temperatures. Using a regularization method, desorption energy distribution functions for furan and tetrahydrofuran were calculated. The calculated desorption energy distributions clearly illustrate the very different adsorption behavior of furan and tetrahydrofuran which leads to large differences in the binding energies between the corresponding adsorption complexes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

SAPO－34分子筛表面酸性质的研究

以水热合成法制备了三个具有不同硅磷铝组成的硅磷酸铝分子筛ＳＡＰＯ－３４样品，采用红外光谱（ＩＲ）和氨法程序升温脱附（ＴＰＤ）两种方法考察了它们的表面酸性质。红外谱图中的３６００ｃｍ－１和３６２１ｃｍ－１谱峰归属于处于ＳＡＰＯ－３４分子筛结构中不同位置的两种桥联羟基（Ｓｉ－ＯＨ－Ａｌ）的振动。ＮＨ３－ＩＲ测定结果显示，这两种羟基具有较强的Ｂ酸特性，并且是分子筛酸性的主要来源；而分子筛具有的Ｌ酸中心的酸性较弱。比较三个样品的ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ、ＮＨ_３－ＩＲ和骨架组成后发现，ＳＡＰＯ－３４的酸性受其骨架硅含量的强烈影响：当Ｓｉ／Ａｌ摩尔比小于１时，酸性随硅含量增高而变弱；当Ｓｉ／Ａｌ摩尔比大于１时，酸性将随硅含量增高而变强。